(1) Dithecous : These have two lobes with four microsporangia or pollen sacs. (2) Monothecous : They have only one lobe with two microsporangia or pollen sacs.

The filament raises the anther up high so its pollen will be more likely to blow in the wind or be picked up by an animal pollinator. The pistil, or carpel are the female reproductive structures of a flower. It consists of a stigma, style, and ovary. The stigma is raised and sticky to help it catch pollen.

Anther Parts, Type, and Attachment Anthers (Figure 9.26) are discrete pollen containing units, found in the stamens of the great majority of angiosperms. Anthers typically consist of two compartments called thecae (singular theca), with each theca containing two microsporangia (the fusion product of which is a locule).

The anthers are in the elevated position so that the pollinators will be attracted towards it, and that the pollen grains are easily carried away by the agents of pollination. The proper pollination is essential for the process of fertilization.

Stamen is the male part of the flower . It produces pollen grains in anther lobes. At maturity, anther dehisces to liberate pollen grains.

The microsporangia, which are usually bi-lobed, are pollen sacs in which the microspores develop into pollen grains. These are found in the anther, which is at the end of the stamen—the long filament that supports the anther.

To define microsporogenesis, it is simply the process by which the pollen mother cells give rise to microspores. At the centre of each microsporangium in the young anther of a plant, lies a mass of sporogenous tissue. Thus each cell is known as the microspore or pollen mother cell.

Microsporangia are the structures that give rises to male gametes or microspores. It have been taken with plural form while microsporangium in singular way. On the other hand, the megasporangia are structures that give rise to female gamates or megaspores or ovules.

An anther is bilobed means each anther has two lobes and each lobe again has two chambers. So there are four microsporangia in each anther. If the anthers are not lobed, they can only accommodate one sporangium. To produce more number of pollens by each anther, it is bilobed.

The anther is four- sided i.e. it has four locules consisting of 4 microsporangia located in each locule which develops further and becomes the pollen sacs. Thus, the anther is tetrasporangiate because it’s four microsporangia.

An anther is bilobed and dithecous means each anther has two lobes and each lobe again has two chambers. So there are four microsporangia in each anther. If the anthers are not lobed, they can only accommodate one sporangium. To produce more number of pollens by each anther, it is bilobed and dithecous.

: divided into two lobes a bilobed nucleus.

Proximal means nearer to the center (trunk of the body) or to the point of attachment to the body. Proximal is the opposite of distal.

1 : to make the loud deep hollow sound characteristic of a bull. 2 : to shout in a deep voice. transitive verb. : bawl bellows the orders.

: consisting of, containing, resembling, or being a bog : swampy, marshy boggy land Beyond the neighborhood lies a boggy expanse of cordgrass …— Sarah Schweitzer …

: in an undue manner : excessively an unduly harsh punishment unduly sensitive.

transitive verb. 1 : to assault violently : beat, whip. 2 : to attack verbally : censure critics lambasted his performance.

transitive verb. 1 : to pronounce especially publicly to be blameworthy or evil they denounced him as a bigot Others might cry or get bent out of shape when their personal tastes are denounced and ridiculed, but not him …—

/ʌnˈdjuːli/ us. more than necessary: She didn’t seem unduly concerned/worried.

Unduly burdensome means requiring such a high investment of money, time, or any other resource or asset to achieve compliance that a reasonably prudent businessperson would not operate.

The language is the same in both codes and consists of the following: “Undue influence” means excessive persuasion that causes another person to act or refrain from acting by overcoming that person’s free will and results in inequity.

Under California financial elder abuse law, you must prove four elements to establish undue influence: (1) vulnerability of the victim, (2) apparent authority of the wrongdoer, (3) actions and tactics of the wrongdoer, and (4) an inequitable result.

Undue influence is the manipulation of a person who is vulnerable or dependent on someone else. It often shows up in that vulnerable adult’s will. Another example is if a family member is left out of a will, especially if they would have expected to be included.

In a court of law, some of the signs of undue influence might be summarized as:

• Isolation from friends, family, or a social support system;
• Dependency upon the abuser;
• Abuser’s use of the victim’s financial assets;
• Psychological abuse, threats and intimidation;
• Physical violence, including threats of physical violence;

It can be difficult to prove undue influence, because it’s impossible to know what someone—who is no longer around to tell you—was thinking when he or she made a will.

Involve the police and raise possible criminal charges against abuser. Draft documents (durable power of attorney, trust, other) to effect true, independent wishes of the elder. Involve social worker, counselor, psychologist or professional geriatric care manager.

Here are several steps you can take to avoid undue influence claims and ensure that your wishes are carried out:

1. Use a revocable trust. Rather than relying on a will alone, create a revocable, or “living,” trust.
2. Establish competency.
3. Avoid the appearance of undue influence.
4. Talk to your family.