Terms in this set (18) The three-stage memory system that involves sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

There are three memory stages: sensory, short-term, and long-term. Information processing begins in sensory memory, moves to short-term memory, and eventually moves into long-term memory.

The correct order of the major processes of memory is: encoding, storage, and retrieval.

Stages of Memory Encoding Storage and Retrieval

• Memory Encoding. Memory Encoding. When information comes into our memory system (from sensory input), it needs to be changed into a form that the system can cope with, so that it can be stored.
• Memory Storage. Memory Storage.
• Memory Retrieval. Memory Retrieval.

-First stage of the memory system is to get sensory information (sight, sound, ect.) into a form that the brain can use.

Encoding is the first stage of the memory process. Encoding occurs when information is translated into a form that can be processed mentally. Information from the environment is constantly reaching your senses in the forms of stimuli. Encoding allows you to change the stimuli so that you may put it into your memory.

In the study of memory, the term storage involves keeping or retaining information for a certain period of time.

This is the first stage of information processing, it happens when a decision is made about whether a stimulus has occurred, this is accomplished when the sensory systems receive information. This stage involves the perceptual process.

The first step in sensation is reception: the activation of sensory receptors by stimuli such as mechanical stimuli (being bent or squished, for example), chemicals, or temperature. The receptor can then respond to the stimuli.

Items found at the end of the list that are learned most recently are recalled best (the recency effect), while the first few items are also recalled better than those found in the middle (the primacy effect). You have probably experienced this effect many times when you try to learn something new.

Which of the following is a good example of anterograde amnesia? John Doe is in a car accident. Every day he wakes up with no memory of what he did the day before, feeling as though no time has passed because he is unable to form new memories.

Amnesia affects both declarative and non-declarative memories of a person. Management of amnesia includes cognitive and occupational therapies, medical intervention, and the use of some digital devices to improve the quality of life.

The self-reference effect is the tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance (Rogers, Kuiper & Kirker, 1977).

Also known as the sensory register, sensory memory is the storage of information that we receive from our senses. Examples of Sensory memory include seeing a dog, feeling gum under a chair, or smelling chicken noodle soup. Our eyes, nose, and nerves send that information to the brain.

One of the most common examples of sensory memory is the use of a sparkler, which is a handheld firework. When you hold the firework in your hand and move it in different patterns, your eyes perceive a line or trail of light.

There are different types of sensory memory, including iconic memory, echoic memory, and haptic memory. In sensory memory, no manipulation of the incoming information occurs, and the input is quickly transferred to the working memory.

Sensory memory is a very brief memory that allows people to retain impressions of sensory information after the original stimulus has ceased. It is often thought of as the first stage of memory that involves registering a tremendous amount of information about the environment, but only for a very brief period.

Examples of short term memory include where you parked your car this morning, what you had for lunch yesterday, and remembering details from a book that you read a few days ago.

During every moment of an organism’s life, sensory information is being taken in by sensory receptors and processed by the nervous system. Sensory information is stored in sensory memory just long enough to be transferred to short-term memory.

Sensory memory is the perception of sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch information entering through the sensory cortices of the brain and relaying through the thalamus. It lasts only milliseconds and is mostly outside conscious awareness.

The whole brain is used for memories, but the hippocampus is especially important for storing various sensory information into one integrated memory saved for the long term. The grey matter is the outer part of the brain and is often mapped in different areas with different functionalities.

Experiments by George Sperling in the early 1960s involving the flashing of a grid of letters for a very short period of time (50 milliseconds) suggest that the upper limit of sensory memory (as distinct from short-term memory) is approximately 12 items, although participants often reported that they seemed to “see” …

The image you “see” in your mind is your iconic memory of that visual stimuli. 1 Iconic memory is part of the visual memory system which includes long-term memory and visual short-term memory. Iconic memory is a type of sensory memory that lasts just milliseconds before fading.

approximately 20 to 30 seconds

Short-term memory has 3 main characteristics: Brief duration that can only last up to 20 seconds. Its capacity is limited to 7 ±2 chunks of independent information (Miller’s Law) and is vulnerable to interference and interruption.

Short-term memory is involved in the selection, initiation, and termination of information-processing functions such as encoding, storing, and retrieving data. One test of short-term memory is memory span, the number of items, usually words or numbers, that a person can hold onto and recall.

Short-term memory (STM) encompasses cognitive functions for the storage, maintenance, and mental manipulation of information that is no longer present in the sensory environment. Selective attention, on the other hand, relates to functions that modulate the processing of sensory events during encoding.

Short term memory has three key aspects:

• limited capacity (only about 7 items can be stored at a time)
• limited duration (storage is very fragile and information can be lost with distraction or passage of time)
• encoding (primarily acoustic, even translating visual information into sounds).