The leaves are the organ for photosynthesis. Most leaves are broad and so have a large surface area allowing them to absorb more light. A thin shape. A thin shape means a short distance for carbon dioxide to diffuse in and oxygen to diffuse out easily.

As water is lost from the leaf the microclimate becomes very humid. The hairs prevent this humid air from being blown away. As humidity slows down the rate of transpiration the leaf conserves water. Leaves can be folded.

The mesophyll has two layers: an upper palisade layer comprised of tightly packed, columnar cells, and a lower spongy layer, comprised of loosely packed, irregularly shaped cells. Stomata on the leaf underside allow gas exchange. A waxy cuticle covers all aerial surfaces of land plants to minimize water loss.

Leaves are adapted for photosynthesis and gaseous exchange. They are adapted for photosynthesis by having a large surface area, and contain openings, called stomata to allow carbon dioxide into the leaf and oxygen out.

The loss of water in the form of droplets from the margins of leaves is called as guttation. There are hydathodes i.e., gland responsible for the loss of water in guttation.

• Large Surface Area – to maximise light harvesting.
• Thin – to reduce distance for carbon dioxide to diffuse through the leaf and to ensure light penetrates into the middle of the leaf.
• Air Spaces – to reduce distance for carbon dioxide to diffuse and to increase the surface area of the gas exchange surface inside the leaf.

Plants have different shaped leaves to cope with different environmental conditions. But many plants change the shape of their leaves over time and space! Being able to vary the shape of your leaves is important, as it allows you to expand your range into new areas or cope with changing environments.

How does the shape of a leaf help it use sunlight efficiently? Because a leaf is wide and thin, it exposes as much chloroplast containing cells to sunlight as possible. Explain the function of the cuticle of the leaf. The cuticle is a waxy coating that prevents water loss.

Function of the Leaf

• Photosynthesis. The primary function of the leaf is the conversion of carbon dioxide, water, and UV light into sugar (e.g., glucose) via photosynthesis (shown below).
• Transpiration.
• Guttation.
• Storage.
• Defense.
• Conifer Leaf.
• Microphyll Leaf.
• Megaphyll Leaf.

Its main functions are photosynthesis and gas exchange. A leaf is often flat, so it absorbs the most light, and thin, so that the sunlight can get to the chloroplasts in the cells. Most leaves have stomata, which open and close. They regulate carbon dioxide, oxygen, and water vapour exchange with the atmosphere.

The main function of a leaf is to produce food for the plant by photosynthesis. Chlorophyll, the substance that gives plants their characteristic green colour, absorbs light energy. The internal structure of the leaf is protected by the leaf epidermis, which is continuous with the stem epidermis.

The two main functions performed by the leaf are photosynthesis and transpiration. Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants make their food from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight.

reproduction

Root, in botany, that part of a vascular plant normally underground. Its primary functions are anchorage of the plant, absorption of water and dissolved minerals and conduction of these to the stem, and storage of reserve foods.

The primary functions of the stem are to support the leaves; to conduct water and minerals to the leaves, where they can be converted into usable products by photosynthesis; and to transport these products from the leaves to other parts of the plant, including the roots.

Stems have four main functions which are:

• Support for and the elevation of leaves, flowers and fruits.
• Transport of fluids between the roots and the shoots in the xylem and phloem(see below)
• Storage of nutrients.
• Production of new living tissue.

The main functions of stems are to support and elevation of leaves, fruits, and flowers. Stem arranges leaves in a way that it gets direct sunlight to perform photosynthesis. Xylem and Phloem conduct water across the plant. Stems stores food, water, and nutrients.

There are two classes of stems. They are herbaceous stems and woody stems. Plants with herbaceous stems are only supported by water in the stem. When there is little water in the plant, the plant bends towards the ground, Garden vegetables have this type of stem.

Root systems are mainly of two types (Figure 1). Dicots have a tap root system, while monocots have a fibrous root system. A tap root system has a main root that grows down vertically, and from which many smaller lateral roots arise.

Types of Stem Cells

• Embryonic stem cells.
• Tissue-specific stem cells.
• Mesenchymal stem cells.
• Induced pluripotent stem cells.

The increase in length of the shoot and the root is referred to as primary growth. It is the result of cell division in the shoot apical meristem. Secondary growth is characterized by an increase in thickness or girth of the plant. It is caused by cell division in the lateral meristem.

Primary growth is controlled by root apical meristems or shoot apical meristems, while secondary growth is controlled by the two lateral meristems, called the vascular cambium and the cork cambium. Not all plants exhibit secondary growth.

What are the primary and secondary roots? Primary roots are the early roots in young plants that consist of taproots, basal roots, and lateral roots. Secondary roots are the side branches of the primary roots.

Yes primary and secondary growth occurs in same plant but not simultaneously. Primary growth occurs when the plants are young means the growth of roots and stems in length with the help of apical Meristem is primary growth.

In plants undergoing secondary growth, the pericycle contributes to the vascular cambium often diverging into a cork cambium. In angiosperms certain molecules within the endodermis and the surrounding vasculature are sent to the pericycle which promotes the growth of the root meristems.

Secondary growth is characterized by an increase in thickness or girth of the plant, and is caused by cell division in the lateral meristem. Other plant parts, such as leaves and flowers, exhibit determinate growth, which ceases when a plant part reaches a particular size.

Primary growth allows roots to extend downward throughout the soil and shoots to extend upward to increase the plants exposure to light. Secondary growth allows for the plant to grow into thickness. Lateral meristems known as the vascular cambium and cork cambium are responsible for secondary growth.

Of the flowering plants, only eudicots are capable of secondary growth. The eudicots, but not the monocots, have a vascular cambium, which produces wood, and another meristem, called the cork cambium, which produces bark.

Primary Growth: Primary growth is the growth that occurs by the action of the primary meristem, which increases the length of the stem and adds appendages to the stem. Secondary Growth: Secondary growth is the growth that occurs by the action of the cambium, which increases the diameter of the plant.

What structure in the figure is responsible for primary growth? Shoot apical meristem.