In the political thought, equality is described that all human beings are equal, and equality in distribution, namely equal distribution of wealth, social opportunities and political power. There are different types of equality such as political, social, legal, natural, and economic equality.

Natural equality implies that all men are born free and equal and are endowed with equal gifts and talents. It also urges the state to reduce inequality rather than perpetuating it. Natural equality is rather an ideal and not immediate reality. This ideal should be attained in a society as far as possible.

Thus Equality stands for 3 Basic Features: (a) Absence of special privileges in society. (b) Presence of adequate and equal opportunities for development for all. (c) Equal satisfaction of basic needs of all.

ĭ-kwŏl’ĭ-tē Filters. Equality is defined as the condition of being equal, or the same in quality, measure, esteem or value. When men and women are both viewed as being just as smart and capable as each other, this is an example of equality of the sexes.

This means:

1. Setting clear rules in regards to how people should be treated.
2. Challenging any negative attitudes.
3. Treating all staff and students fairly and equally.
4. Creating an all-inclusive culture for staff and students.
5. Avoiding stereotypes in examples and resources.
6. Using resources with multicultural themes.

“To me equality means fairness to all. Fairness and equal treatment in personal relationships, in status, in rights, whether government, legal or contractual.”

South Africa

Social inequality is characterized by the existence of unequal opportunities and rewards for different social positions or statuses within a group or society. It contains structured and recurrent patterns of unequal distributions of goods, wealth, opportunities, rewards, and punishments.

Causes of Inequalities:

• There are several causes which give rise to inequality of incomes in an economy:
• (i) Inheritance:
• (ii) System of Private Property:
• (iii) Differences in Natural Qualities:
• (iv) Differences in Acquired Talent:
• (v) Family Influence:
• (vi) Luck and Opportunity:

Indicators

• Income inequality.
• Poverty rate.
• Poverty gap.
• Discriminatory family code.
• Violence against women.
• Women in politics.
• Social Institutions and Gender.
• Housing overcrowding.

The Causes of Economic Inequality

• (iii) Growth in technology widens income gap. Growth in technology arguably renders joblessness at all skill levels [3].
• (iv) Gender does matter. In many countries, there is a gender income gap in the labor market [3].
• (v) Personal factors.
• (ii) Globalization.

1 : the quality of being unequal or uneven: such as. a : social disparity. b : disparity of distribution or opportunity. c : lack of evenness.

Six policies to reduce economic inequality

1. Increase the minimum wage.
2. Expand the Earned Income Tax.
3. Build assets for working families.
4. Invest in education.
5. Make the tax code more progressive.
6. End residential segregation.

Common examples: 50/10 ratio – describes inequality between the middle and the bottom of the income distribution. 90/10 – describes inequality between the top and the bottom. 90/50 – describes inequality between the top and the middle.

The most widely used metric to measure inequality in the Gini index (Gini coefficient). It measures disparities in economic distribution. In India, social inequalities are outcomes of inequalities in income, education, gender, caste, and class.

Effects of income inequality, researchers have found, include higher rates of health and social problems, and lower rates of social goods, a lower population-wide satisfaction and happiness and even a lower level of economic growth when human capital is neglected for high-end consumption.

First, extreme income inequality leads to economic inefficiency. – Inequality may lead to an inefficient allocation of assets. High inequality leads to an overemphasis on higher education at the expense of quality universal primary education, and this in turn begets still more inequality in incomes.

There are many reasons for these divergences in income including – historical trends, the existence of natural resources, geographical location, economic system and levels of education. This map of GDP (PPP) Per capita illustrates areas of high and low-income are often in close proximity.

Extreme inequality corrupts politics, hinders economic growth and stifles social mobility. It fuels crime and violent conflict. Our research has indicated that inequality is the missing link that explains how the same rate of growth in different countries can lead to different rates of poverty reduction.

As of Q3 2019, the bottom 50% of households had $1.67 trillion, or 1.6% of the net worth, versus $74.5 trillion, or 70% for the top 10%. From an international perspective, the difference in US median and mean wealth per adult is over 600%.