In contrast to forced resettlement movements of the past, 20th-century ethnic cleansing efforts have been driven by the rise of nationalist movements with racist theories fed by the desire to “purify” the nation by expelling (and in many cases destroying) groups considered “alien.”

Along with linguists and sociologists, political scientists also assume that language contact can cause political conflict. Language conflicts can be brought about by changes in the expansion of the social system when there is language contact between different languages groups (Inglehart/ Woodward 1967).

Violent conflict is caused mainly by social and political systems that lead to inequality and grievances and do not offer options for the peaceful expression of differences. Changes in social interactions, such as increased tensions or violent conflict, influence the socially constructed nature of ethnicity.

Other examples of ethnic violence include:

• Antisemitic pogroms in European history.
• Foiba massacres in Dalmatia.
• Oromo-Somali clashes in Ethiopia in 2017.
• Ethnic violence in South Sudan.
• Sudanese nomadic conflicts.
• Race riots and racial supremacist violence in the United States.
• Race riots in the United Kingdom.

In short, the root causes of the armed ethnic violence in these three regions can be attributed to non-inclusive political systems, marginalization and neglect, monopolization of state resources, and exclusion of citizens, coupled with environmental disasters and increased competition over limited resources of the …

Examples of ethnic cleansing understood in this sense include the Armenian massacres by the Turks in 1915–16, the Nazi Holocaust of European Jews in the 1930s and ’40s, the expulsion of Germans from Polish and Czechoslovak territory after World War II, the Soviet Union’s deportation of certain ethnic minorities from …

rendering an area ethnically homogeneous by using force or intimidation to remove persons of given groups from the area.” In its final report S/1994/674, the same Commission described ethnic cleansing as “… a purposeful policy designed by one ethnic or religious group to remove by violent and terror-inspiring means the …

The heaviest event was the Circassian genocide in 1872. From 1894–1896, in an effort to islamize the Ottoman Empire, Sultan Abdul Hamid II ordered the killing of ethnic Armenians (along with other Christian minorities) living in the Ottoman Empire, based on their religion.

Some 300,000 people have fled Myanmar since violence flared anew in the western state of Rakhine, where military reprisals appear to be a “textbook example of ethnic cleansing.” By the latest estimates, roughly 313,000 refugees have fled Myanmar across the border into Bangladesh in a span of just over two weeks.

In the report, the ethnic cleansing in Bosnia and Herzegovina was singled out and described as a political objective of Serb nationalists who wanted to ensure control of territories with a Serb majority as well as “adjacent territories assimilated to them”.

transatlantic slave trade

Chunyun

• Drought. A single drought can spell disaster for communities whose lives and livelihoods rely on regular, successful harvests.
• Hunger.
• Flooding.
• Earthquakes.
• War & conflict.
• Economic circumstances.

Exploitation, violent conflicts and wars cause high emigration rates and refugee move- ments via Mexico to Canada and the US.

Migration increased the slum areas in cities which increase many problems such as unhygienic conditions, crime, pollution etc. Sometimes migrants are exploited. Migration is one of the main causes of increasing nuclear family where children grow up without a wider family circle.

These are (i) most migrants are males, (ii) they are predominantly young adults, (iii) they are better educated than the general rural population but less so than their urban counterparts, and (iv) economic motives predominate their decision to move, although this is tempered by a series of other factors.

Three components of population change are birth, death and migration.