Introduction: Climate is determined by the temperature and precipitation characteristics of a region over time. The temperature characteristics of a region are influenced by natural factors such as latitude, elevation, and the presence of ocean currents.

The major factor would be elevation the higher the location the colder the temperature. A second factor would be that location E longitude is a little further from the equator.

Its presence and warm current causes difference in temperature between the lands of England or London and Canada or Quebec. As the air flowing over this stream carries enormous water, it causes a rainy weather in London and dry weather in Canada.

Volcanic Eruptions, like solar radiation, can alter climate due to the aerosols that are emitted into the atmosphere and alter climate patterns. Chemical composition of air or water can be measured by tracking levels of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane, and measuring ratios of oxygen isotopes.

The two most important factors in the climate of an area are temperature and precipitation. The yearly average temperature of the area is obviously important, but the yearly range in temperature is also important. Some areas have a much larger range between highest and lowest temperature than other areas.

Microclimates are caused by local differences in the amount of heat or water received or trapped near the surface. A microclimate may differ from its surroundings by receiving more energy, so it is a little warmer than its surroundings. All these influences go into “making” the microclimate.

There are five main factors that affect microclimates.

• Topography. The shape of the land is a significant influence on microclimates.
• Soil. The composition of the soil affects microclimates primarily through how much water it retains or which evaporates from it.
• Water.
• Vegetation.
• Artificial Structures.

The conditions of microclimates are determined by plant orientation and exposure to heat, light, water, and wind. For example, inland urban areas are typically warmer than surrounding rural areas since the buildings and pavement reflect and generate additional heat.

Microclimates exist, for example, near bodies of water which may cool the local atmosphere, or in heavy urban areas where brick, concrete, and asphalt absorb the sun’s energy, heat up, and re-radiate that heat to the ambient air: the resulting urban heat island is a kind of microclimate.

What are the different types of microclimates?

• Upland regions. Upland areas have a specific type of climate that is notably different from the surrounding lower levels.
• Coastal regions.
• Forests.
• Urban regions.
• What is an urban microclimate?
• Urban heat islands.
• Urban precipitation.
• Smog.

Topography, large bodies of water and urban areas are three things that can create microclimates on a large scale.

A mesoclimate is the climate at an intermediate geographic scale, such as a downtown district, neighborhood, large park, farm, or wooded area.

Macro-climate is climate of larger area such as a country. Micro-climate the variations in localised climate around a building. Both climate has a very significant effect on both energy and environmental performance of buildings and in both in heating season and summer.

(or mesoclimate), the climate of comparatively small regions with fairly uniform natural conditions—for example, a particular wooded area, seashore, part of a river valley, intermontane basin, small city, or urban district. It is intermediate in scale between the macroclimate and the micro-climate.

Overview. The Köppen climate classification scheme divides climates into five main climate groups: A (tropical), B (dry), C (temperate), D (continental), and E (polar). The second letter indicates the seasonal precipitation type, while the third letter indicates the level of heat.

Köppen’s classification identifies six C climates and eight D climates:

• Humid subtropical climate (Cfa, Cwa)
• Mediterranean climate (Csa, Csb)
• Marine west coast climate (Cfb, Cfc)
• Humid continental climate (Dfa, Dfb, Dwa, Dwb)
• Continental subarctic climate (Dfc, Dfd, Dwc, Dwd)