In addition to plants, Europeans brought domesticated animals such as cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and horses. Eventually, people began to breed horses, cattle, and sheep in North America, Mexico , and South America . With the introduction of cattle, many people took up ranching as a way of life.

When we list the infections brought to the New World from the Old, however, we find most of humanity’s worst afflictions, among them smallpox, malaria, yellow fever, measles, cholera, typhoid, and bubonic plague.

The Europeans brought technologies, ideas, plants, and animals that were new to America and would transform peoples’ lives: guns, iron tools, and weapons; Christianity and Roman law; sugarcane and wheat; horses and cattle. They also carried diseases against which the Indian peoples had no defenses.

Europeans brought deadly viruses and bacteria, such as smallpox, measles, typhus, and cholera, for which Native Americans had no immunity (Denevan, 1976). On their return home, European sailors brought syphilis to Europe.

Background. The European starling (Sturnus vulgaris) is native to Europe and then was introduced into other countries around the world including North America. European starlings have a glossy black appearance and are commonly found in large flocks whose flying is synchronized.

Colonization ruptured many ecosystems, bringing in new organisms while eliminating others. The Europeans brought many diseases with them that decimated Native American populations. Colonists and Native Americans alike looked to new plants as possible medicinal resources.

Nepal

Taiwan

Monaco

38.4 years

36.7 years

However, it is interesting to know that complete population level mortality data for the period 2008 to 2010 had shown relatively similar estimates: median age at death is 81 years and most common age at death is 85 years.

According to the age distribution of the population of China by five-year age groups in 2019, the largest age cohort was that of people between 45 and 49 years of age, amounting to 8.76 percent of the total population. The age cohort from birth to four years only made up 5.74 percent of the population.

China’s population is aging faster than almost all other countries in modern history. In 2050, the proportion of Chinese over retirement age will become 39 percent of the total population. China is rapidly aging at an earlier stage of its development than other countries.

From 1950 through the 1970s, children 10 or younger constituted a larger percentage of China’s expanding population than any other age group. By 2060, 70-year-olds will form the largest share.