The variation of water volume significantly affected on bread height, dough volume, dough specific volume, and crust thickness. The variation of mixing time had a significant effect on the increase of dough volume and dough specific volume.

The nominal density of modern billiard balls is 1700 kg/m3 .

483 grams

2270 cm3

Temperature of product should be registered when measuring volume and weight as bread loses moisture during cooling. As an example, if a loaf of bread displays a volume of 2,560 cc and weighs 454 g one hour after baking, then the specific volume of the bread would be: Volume / weight = 2,560 / 454 = 5.64 cm3/g.

Adding 2 tablespoons instant dry milk powder per loaf of bread will help your bread rise higher, stay soft, and hold the moisture longer. That means it won’t get stale as quickly. Dry milk powder creates a more golden brown crust and improves nutrition, too. Add it with the flour.

The ripe test determines if the dough is ready to be punched down and shaped. Gently stick two fingers in the risen dough up to the second knuckle and then take them out. If the indentations remain the dough is “ripe” and ready for punch down. If not, cover and let the dough rise longer.

Not every bread should look wet on the inside, but a quality bread will have a slightly glossy finish on the inside. In addition, it will spring back when you press your finger into it. If a bread bakery claims to make a good flavored bread, you should be able to smell that flavor before you even bite into a piece.

A Weird and Wild Hole Structure What you’re looking for is this: an intricate gluten network or webbing of irregularly patterned holes, ranging in size from small to fairly gaping. The more wildly inscribed and chaotic the hole structure, the better the bread.

Fresh bread usually presents an appealing brownish and crunchy crust, a pleasant roasty aroma, fine slicing characteristics, a soft and elastic crumb texture, and a moist mouthfeel.

The Crust: The ideal loaf of bread should have a dark, nicely domed, oval crust with a gentle curve towards the bottom—nothing too angular or balloon-like. The crust should burst wide at the scored areas and its surface should have plenty of blisters that help keep it crunchy even hours after baking.

You can tell if your dough in overproofed if it feels weak and jiggles like jello. You can also use the indentation test. If the indentation does not spring back at all, the dough is under proofed.

Dense or heavy bread can be the result of not kneading the dough long enough. Mixing the salt and yeast together or Losing patience in the middle of molding your bread and there is not enough tension in your finished loaf before baking.

Dense or heavy bread can be the result of not kneading the dough mix properly –out of many reasons out there. Some of the other potential reasons could be mixing the yeast & salt together or losing your patience while baking or even not creating enough tension in the finished loaf before baking the bread.

Perfect Your Yeast Levels Carbon dioxide is responsible for all the bubbles that make holes in bread, making it lighter and fluffier. Because gas is created as a result of yeast growth, the more the yeast grows, the more gas in the dough and the more light and airy your bread loaf will be.

If you let the dough rise for too long, the taste and texture of the finished bread suffers. Because the dough is fermenting during both rises, if the process goes on for too long, the finished loaf of bread can have a sour, unpleasant taste. Over-proofed loaves of bread have a gummy or crumbly texture.

Can you let bread rise three times? Yes, you can let bread rise 3-4 times, but it’s generally unnecessary and won’t yield any better results unless you’re knocking it back for a specific reason. You can even let your bread rise overnight in the fridge.

Yes, risen dough CAN be placed in a refrigerator. Putting risen dough in the fridge is a common practice of home and professional bakers alike. Since yeast is more active when it’s warm, putting yeasted dough in a refrigerator or chilling it slows the yeast’s activity, which causes dough to rise at a slower rate.

It is possible to leave bread dough to rise overnight. This needs to be done in the refrigerator to prevent over-fermentation and doughs with an overnight rise will often have a stronger more yeasty flavour which some people prefer.

Dough that’s left to rise at room temperature typically takes between two and four hours to double in size. If left overnight, dough rises so high forcing it will likely collapse on the weight of itself, making the dough deflate. For best results always keep dough in the refrigerator when leaving to rise overnight.

Temperature. Standard dough left to rise at room temperature typically takes between two and four hours, or until the dough has doubled in size. If left for 12 hours at room temperature, this rise can slightly deflate, though it will still remain leavened.

Cover the shaped dough tightly and refrigerate up to 24 hours. When ready to bake, remove from the refrigerator, partially unwrap and let rise until doubled.