The principle of equality is a nonconsequentialist moral principle. According to the principle of equality, in order to treat people differently in ways that deny them significant social benefits one need only show that there are real differences between them.

Which point does Fullinwider intend to make with the “Land of Giants” thought experiment? That well-intentioned people may perpetuate discrimination that is invisible to them. Arguments for affirmative action based on reasons of compensatory justice must show that compensation to members of certain groups is justified.

What was the significance of the Bakke decision and the University of Michigan cases? They forbade the use of racial quotas in school admissions, but allowed some consideration of race in admissions decisions. Slavery was prohibited by the Nineteenth Amendment of the U. S. Constitution.

Secular ethics are only for atheists. The Golden Rule is followed by most of the world’s major religions. The Divine Command Theory states that certain actions are sins, based on their moral and ethical value.

Examples of affirmative action offered by the United States Department of Labor include outreach campaigns, targeted recruitment, employee and management development, and employee support programs.

Decision. Fisher II was decided by a 4-3 decision (Elena Kagan had recused herself due to prior involvement, while Antonin Scalia died shortly before the rendering, although he opined on the case publicly).

Dutch: from Middle Dutch bac ‘bucket’, ‘bin’, ‘beaker’, hence a metonymic occupational name for a maker of such vessels. Dutch: nickname for someone with a peculiarity of the mouth, jaw, or cheek, from Dutch bakke ‘cheek’, ‘side’.

Minneapolis, Minnesota

Bakke claimed that he was unfairly rejected because of the school’s quota system, which reserved 16 seats in the 100-person class for minority students. Powell didn’t know it at the time, but his decision would come to shape the affirmative-action debate for the next 40 years.

Bollinger, a case decided by the United States Supreme Court on June 23, 2003, upheld the affirmative action admissions policy of the University of Michigan Law School. The decision permitted the use of racial preference in student admissions to promote student diversity.

The Supreme Court, in a 6-3 decision written by Chief Justice William Rehnquist, ruled that the University of Michigan’s undergraduate admissions program was unconstitutional because it violated the Equal Protection Clause.