Psychology has recently been viewed as facing a replication crisis because efforts to replicate past study findings frequently do not show the same result. Often, the first study showed a statistically significant result but the replication does not.

The replication crisis (also called the replicability crisis and the reproducibility crisis) is an ongoing methodological crisis in which it has been found that many scientific studies are difficult or impossible to replicate or reproduce.

Nosek and his co-authors attribute the reproducibility problem, in part, to a combination of publication bias and low-power research designs. Publications favor flashy, positive results, making it more likely that studies with larger-than-life effect sizes are chosen for publication.

The replication crisis in psychology refers to concerns about the credibility of findings in psychological science. For this reason, many scientists question the accuracy of published findings and now call for increased scrutiny of research practices in psychology. …

The refined conclusion about replicability in psychological science is that only social psychology has been examined and that replicability in social psychology is likely to be less than 50%. However, the question still remains unclear. In fact, there are two questions that are often confused.

In fact, a moderator analysis suggested that the replication rate in cognitive psychology is 50%, while the replication rate in social psychology is only 25%.

Exact Replication (also called Direct Replication) A scientific attempt to exactly copy the scientific methods used in an earlier study in an effort to determine whether the results are consistent. The same—or similar—results are an indication that the findings are accurate.

Here’s the solution: replicate the study in the original publication. Simple. Most original studies you’ll read only have one sample and one set of results recorded. Some articles may have multiple variations of the same experiment, but they’re variations.

Replication is the act of reproducing or copying something, or is a copy of something. When an experiment is repeated and the results from the original are reproduced, this is an example of a replication of the original study. A copy of a Monet painting is an example of a replication. A folding back; fold.

Replication occurs in three major steps: the opening of the double helix and separation of the DNA strands, the priming of the template strand, and the assembly of the new DNA segment. During separation, the two strands of the DNA double helix uncoil at a specific location called the origin.

In statistics, replication is repetition of an experiment or observation in the same or similar conditions. Replication is important because it adds information about the reliability of the conclusions or estimates to be drawn from the data.

Repetition occurs when multiple sets of measurements are made during one scientific investigation. Replication occurs when a scientific investigation is reproduced by another person.

For most types of experiment, there is an unstated requirement that the work be reproducible, at least once, in an independent experiment, with a strong preference for reproducibility in at least three experiments.

Randomization forms a basis of a valid experiment but replication is also needed for the validity of the experiment. If the randomization process is such that every experimental unit has an equal chance of receiving each treatment, it is called complete randomization.

… such bias, Fisher introduced the principle of randomization. This principle states that before an effect in an experiment can be ascribed to a given cause or treatment independently of other causes or treatments, the experiment must be repeated on a number of control units of the material and that all…

The purpose of randomization is to remove bias and other sources of extraneous variation which are not controllable. Another advantage of randomization (accompanied by replication) is that it forms the basis of any valid statistical test. Hence, the treatments must be assigned at random to the experimental units.

In an experiment, the factor (also called an independent variable) is an explanatory variable manipulated by the experimenter. Each factor has two or more levels, i.e., different values of the factor. Combinations of factor levels are called treatments. The experiment has six treatments. …

The design of a study thus consists of making decisions on the following:

• The set of explanatory factors.
• The set of response variables.
• The set of treatments.
• The set of experimental units.
• The method of randomization and blocking.
• Sample size and number of replications.

Since sound is a wave, it has all of the properties attributed to any wave, and these attributes are the four elements that define any and all sounds. They are the frequency, amplitude, wave form and duration, or in musical terms, pitch, dynamic, timbre (tone color), and duration.