Deep ecology was developed in the early 1970s by Arne Næss Deep ecology is often confused with ecocentrism, another perspective in environmental ethics Ecocentrism focuses on the needs and interests of ecosystems in their entirety and bestows intrinsic value, value for its own sake, on nature

Ecocentrism places the primary focus on the ecosystem in its entirety rather than looking at the environment from a perspective of human interests, with a view primarily concerned with human interests called anthropocentrism Two forms of value are debated in environmental ethics

Its importance is for multiple reasons: In ethical terms: ecocentrism expands the moral community (and ethics) from being just about ourselves It means we are not concerned only with humanity; we extend respect and care to all life, and indeed to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems themselves

Biospheric egalitarianism simply means taking into account non-human nature It takes into account the rights of non-human species, regardless of human interest

Initial attempts to constitute this new ecological subject exist in the radical ecology movement (recognized by Rudolf Bahro and Herbert Marcuse in the 1970s), examined here through three primary branches of the radicalized environmental movement: deep ecology, social ecology, and ecofeminism

Radical environmentalists can include earth liberationists as well as Eco-nationalism, anarcho-primitivists, animal liberationists, bioregionalists, green anarchists, deep ecologists, ecopsychologists and less often, ecofeminists, neo-Pagans, Wiccans, Third Positionists, anti-globalisation and anti-capitalist

Social ecology is a philosophical theory about the relationship between ecological and social issues It is a theory of radical political ecology based on communalism, which opposes the current capitalist system of production and consumption It aims to set up a moral, decentralized, united society, guided by reason

Ecofeminism, also called ecological feminism, branch of feminism that examines the connections between women and nature Specifically, this philosophy emphasizes the ways both nature and women are treated by patriarchal (or male-centred) society

Human Ecology is the study of the interactions between man and nature in different cultures Human Ecology combines the ideas and methods from several disciplines, including anthropology, sociology, biology, economic history and archeology

Murray Bookchin

Macrosystem The macrosystem is the larger cultural context, such as attitudes and social conditions within the culture where the child is located Macrosystems can be used to describe the cultural or social context of various societal groups such as social classes, ethnic groups, or religious affiliates

Graduates of the School of Social Ecology may hold positions as urban planners, environmental consultants, juvenile probation officers, counselors, elementary and secondary school teachers, legal aides, coordinators of juvenile diversion programs, social workers, mental health workers, special education teachers,

A social work practice that uses an ecological framework focuses on the ever-changing relationships between all variables The awareness of social, political, and cultural environments places the individual in context rather than as an isolated set of symptoms

Bronfenbrenner divided the person’s environment into five different systems: the microsystem, the mesosystem, the exosystem, the macrosystem, and the chronosystemm The microsystem is the most influential level of the ecological systems theory

The ecosystems perspective is widely accepted in the professions of family therapy, social work, and developmental psychology Central to the ecosystems perspective is the dynamic interaction between the person and the environment with an emphasis on the person’s active participation with their environment

The four types of ecological social systems are the microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem and macrosystem The microsystem is the simplest type of human-ecological system, and it consists of the direct relationships between an individual and his or her environment

“Social ecology” is also an interdisciplinary eld of academic study that investigates the interrelationship between human social institutions and ecological or environmental issues It is closely related to human ecology, the area of the biological sciences that deals with the role of human beings in ecosystems

Social ecology (academic field), the study of relationships between people and their environment, often the interdependence of people, collectives and institutions Social ecology (Bookchin), a theory about the relationship between ecological and social issues, associated with Murray Bookchin

Focal system Definition An identified system that is the subject of attention Designation as a focal system is a matter of the observer’s perspective If a family is a focal system, the siblings are a subsystem and the community is a suprasystem