Clotrimazole is an imidazole with broad-spectrum activity against Candida species and the dermatophytes T. tonsurans, Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Epidermophyton floccosum, and Microsporum canis (Table 293-1). Clotrimazole also is effective against Malassezia furfur, the cause of tinea versicolor.

There are different examples of commercially available drugs which consist 1,3,4-oxadiazole ring (Table 1) such as clemizole (antihistaminic agent), etonitazene (analgesic), enviroxime (antiviral), irtemazole, astemizole (antihistamine), omeprazole, pantoprazole (antiulcer), thiabendazole (antihelmintic), nocodazole ( …

Definition. Any imidazole antifungal agent that has been used for the treatment of fungal infections in humans or animals.

The commonly known imidazole compounds are clotrimazole, ketoconazole, and miconazole. Azole derivatives (e.g., fluconazole, itraconazle, voriconazole, ravuconazole, posoconazole) with 1, 2, 4-triazole ring in place of imidazole have better pharmacokinetics profile with better fungicidal activity and lower toxicity.

Many imidazole-based derivatives have been marketed as antifungal drugs such as ketoconazole (1), miconazole (2), clotrimazole (3), tioconazole (4), econazole (5), tinidazole (6), enilconazole/imazalil (7), parconazole (8), eberconazole (9), lanoconazole (10), fenticonazole (11), bifonazole (12), sulconazole (13).

Imidazoles alter the cell membrane permeability of susceptible yeasts and fungi by blocking the synthesis of ergosterol (demethylation of lanosterol is inhibited), the primary cell sterol of fungi. The enzyme targeted is a fungal cytochrome P450 (CYP450).

Imidazole is an organic compound with the formula C 3N 2H 4. It is a white or colourless solid that is soluble in water, producing a mildly alkaline solution. In chemistry, it is an aromatic heterocycle, classified as a diazole, and has non-adjacent nitrogen atoms.

Imidazole itself has few direct applications. It is instead a precursor to a variety of agrichemicals, including enilconazole, climbazole, clotrimazole, prochloraz, and bifonazole.

Imidazole-based histidine compounds play a very important role in intracellular buffering. Histidine can be decarboxylated to histamine, which is also a common biological compound.

Amphoterism. The Van Leusen Imidazole Synthesis allows the preparation of imidazoles from aldimines by reaction with tosylmethyl isocyanide (TosMIC). The reaction has later been expanded to a two-step synthesis in which the aldimine is generated in situ: the Van Leusen Three-Component Reaction (vL-3CR).