Long bones are mostly located in the appendicular skeleton and include bones in the lower limbs (the tibia, fibula, femur, metatarsals, and phalanges) and bones in the upper limbs (the humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, and phalanges).

Hormonal problems can be one of the causes of osteoporosis, so it is important to understand the connection between hormones and osteoporosis. Bone production is affected by both testosterone and estrogen, so both men and women can experience bone loss as they age.

Extra parathyroid hormone made by an enlarged parathyroid gland in our neck is a common cause of fragile bones and osteoporosis. If your calcium level is higher than normal, you may have this easily treated condition.

When teenagers have low estrogen or testosterone levels, the bone becomes weaker. Other hormones come from the thyroid gland, the parathyroid gland, the pituitary gland near the brain, and the brain itself. These hormones control levels of calcium in the blood, energy levels, and ability to grow.

For more than 5 decades it had been known that the skeleton was a target of endocrine hormones such as parathyroid hormone and estrogen. Only in the last five years has it become evident that the skeleton reciprocates for being an endocrine target by secreting its own factors to modulate metabolic function.

The research, published in the August 10 issue of Cell, demonstrates that bone cells release a hormone called osteocalcin, which controls the regulation of blood sugar (glucose) and fat deposition through synergistic mechanisms previously not recognized.

Three calcium-regulating hormones play an important role in producing healthy bone: 1) parathyroid hormone or PTH, which maintains the level of calcium and stimulates both resorption and formation of bone; 2) calcitriol, the hormone derived from vitamin D, which stimulates the intestines to absorb enough calcium and …

Option D:production of body heat: The skeleton serves six major functions: support, movement, protection, production of blood cells, storage of minerals and endocrine regulations. Hence, production of body heat is not a function of the skeletal system.

The skeletal system works as a support structure for your body. It gives the body its shape, allows movement, makes blood cells, provides protection for organs and stores minerals.

The bones of the skeletal system serve to protect the body’s organs, support the weight of the body, and give the body shape. The muscles of the muscular system attach to these bones, pulling on them to allow for movement of the body.

The main functions of the muscular system are as follows:

• Mobility. The muscular system’s main function is to allow movement.
• Stability. Muscle tendons stretch over joints and contribute to joint stability.
• Posture.
• Circulation.
• Respiration.
• Digestion.
• Urination.
• Childbirth.