two electrons

Questions and Answers

A neutral sodium atom is likely to achieve an octet in its outermost shell by losing its one valence electron. The cation produced in this way, Na+, is called the sodium ion to distinguish it from the element. The outermost shell of the sodium ion is the second electron shell, which has eight electrons in it.

The 2p, 3p, 4p, etc., can each hold six electrons because they each have three orbitals, that can hold two electrons each (3*2=6).

The orbital names s, p, d, and f stand for names given to groups of lines originally noted in the spectra of the alkali metals. These line groups are called sharp, principal, diffuse, and fundamental.

sharp, principal, diffuse, and fundamental

The p sub shell can hold a maximum of six electrons as there are three orbitals within this sub shell. The three p orbitals are at right angles to each other and have a lobed shape. The size of the p orbitals also increases as the energy level or shell increases.

They are named s,p,d,f .The s, p, d, and f stand for sharp, principal, diffuse and fundamental, respectively. The letters and words refer to the visual impression left by the fine structure of the spectral lines which occurs due to the first relativistic corrections, especially the spin-orbital interaction.

Kumar Sarang, Meritnation Expert added an answer, on 3/10/13. Kumar Sarang answered this. Their is no full form of K L M N shells, it is only alphabatic representation of shells or orbital having subshell. 1. K shell represent : K shell contains only s-orbital, and so with various combinations.

K denotes the first shell (or energy level), L the second shell, M, the third shell, and so on. In other words, the KLMN(OP) notation only indicates the number of electrons an atom has with each principal quantum number (n). The SPDF notation subdivides each shell into its subshells. The L shell also has an s subshell.

Hund’s Rule. Hund’s rule: every orbital in a subshell is singly occupied with one electron before any one orbital is doubly occupied, and all electrons in singly occupied orbitals have the same spin.

You have two electrons in one 2p orbital, but none in the other 2p orbitals. This violates Hund’s Rule: There must be one electron with the same spin in each orbital of the same energy before you can put two in the same orbital. The electrons in the half-filled 4d orbitals don’t all have the same spin.

Hund’s rule : Every orbital in a subshell is singly occupied with one electron before any one orbital is doubly occupied and all electrons in singly occupied orbitals have the same spin. The image attached is the example of hund’s rule.

The aufbau principle states that in the ground state of an atom or ion, electrons fill atomic orbitals of the lowest available energy levels before occupying higher levels. For example, the 1s shell is filled before the 2s subshell is occupied. Aufbau is a German noun that means construction or “building-up”.

Pauli exclusion principle states that in a single atom no two electrons will have an identical set or the same quantum numbers (n, l, ml, and ms). The two electrons that are present in the same orbital must have opposite spins or it should be antiparallel.

The Aufbau principle states that electrons fill lower-energy atomic orbitals before filling higher-energy ones (Aufbau is German for “building-up”). By following this rule, we can predict the electron configurations for atoms or ions.

Pauli’s Exclusion Principle states that no two electrons in the same atom can have identical values for all four of their quantum numbers. In other words, (1) no more than two electrons can occupy the same orbital and (2) two electrons in the same orbital must have opposite spins (Figure 46(i) and (ii)).

Filling in an Aufbau Diagram

1. Determine the number of electrons that the atom has.
2. Fill the s orbital in the first energy level (the 1s orbital) with the first two electrons.
3. Fill the s orbital in the second energy level (the 2s orbital) with the second two electrons.

The Aufbau Principle states that lower energy orbitals fill before higher energy orbitals. Hund’s Rule states that if 2 or more degenerate (i.e. same energy) orbitals are available, one electron goes into each until all of them are half full before pairing up .