Genetically engineered bacteria and other microorganisms are currently used to produce human insulin, human growth hormone, a protein used in blood clotting, and other pharmaceuticals, and the number of such compounds could increase in the future.

Stages of genetic engineering to include:

• identify section of DNA that contains required gene from source chromosome,
• extract required gene,
• insert required gene into vector/bacterial plasmid,
• insert plasmid into host cell,
• grow transformed cells to produce a GM organism.

Commonly used methods include:

• microinjection of DNA into the nucleus of anchored cells;
• electroporation, where DNA is introduced through cell membrane pores by pulsed electrical charges;
• polycationic neutralization of the cell membrane and the DNA to be introduced to improve passive uptake;

The fifth and final part of producing a genetically engineered crop is backcross breeding. Transgenic plants are crossed with elite breeding lines using traditional plant breeding methods to combine the desired traits of elite parents and the transgene into a single line.

In medicine, genetic engineering has been used to mass-produce insulin, human growth hormones, follistim (for treating infertility), human albumin, monoclonal antibodies, antihemophilic factors, vaccines, and many other drugs. In research, organisms are genetically engineered to discover the functions of certain genes.

The possible benefits of genetic engineering include: More nutritious food. Tastier food. Disease- and drought-resistant plants that require fewer environmental resources (such as water and fertilizer)

With its potential to eliminate and prevent hereditary diseases such as cystic fibrosis and hemophilia and its use as a possible cure for heart disease, AIDS, and cancer, gene therapy is a potential medical miracle-worker.

Genetic engineering could also create unknown side effects or outcomes. Certain changes in a plant or animal could cause unpredicted allergic reactions in some people which, in its original form, did not occur. Other changes could result into the toxicity of an organism to humans or other organisms.

As with any new technology, the full set of risks associated with genetic engineering have almost certainly not been identified. The ability to imagine what might go wrong with a technology is limited by the currently incomplete understanding of physiology, genetics, and nutrition.

In many countries there is a de facto moratorium on human germ line and embryo editing because such work is illegal. It is also completely unethical, not least of all because of lack of consent. The nontherapeutic use of gene editing on human embryos was and remains unethical and illegal on every level.

Most people agree that scientists should not edit the genomes of germline cells at this time because the safety and Scientific communities across the world are approaching germline therapy research with caution because edits to a germline cell would be passed down through generations.

Genetically altered embryos can be achieved by introducing the desired genetic material into the embryo itself, or into the sperm and/or egg cells of the parents; either by delivering the desired genes directly into the cell or using the gene-editing technology.

MARY LOUISE KELLY, HOST: A Chinese scientist claims he has created the world’s first genetically edited human babies. He did it, he says, to protect the twin girls from HIV, the virus that causes AIDS.

As such, the nucleotide sequences found within it are subject to change as the result of a phenomenon called mutation. Depending on how a particular mutation modifies an organism’s genetic makeup, it can prove harmless, helpful, or even hurtful.

Older gene-editing tools use proteins instead of RNA to target damaged genes. But it can take months to design a single, customized protein at a cost of more than $1,000. With CRISPR, scientists can create a short RNA template in just a few days using free software and a DNA starter kit that costs $65 plus shipping.

The main reason gene therapy is so expensive, however, may be the paradigm used in the price-setting strategy. The cost of production is weighed against the value of a life saved or the improved quality of life over a specified timeframe.

Gene editing is performed using enzymes, particularly nucleases that have been engineered to target a specific DNA sequence, where they introduce cuts into the DNA strands, enabling the removal of existing DNA and the insertion of replacement DNA.

Using the CRISPR system, researchers can precisely edit any target DNA locus – a feat that was not achievable using other gene editing tools. The possibility to edit a disease mutation to correct genetic errors creates opportunities for treating conditions that have long eluded the medical research community.

Kat7 gene inactivation rejuvenates prematurely aging human cells and mice and promotes longevity.

Doctors performing eye surgery. In a world first, CRISPR, the powerful gene-editing tool that can cut and paste DNA, has been used inside the human body for the first time. The first patient in the trial received a dose of the experimental drug, called AGN-151587, via an injection in the eye.

CRISPR (pronounced crisper), is a powerful DNA or gene-editing tool whose origin lies in the natural adaptive immunity of bacteria. It enables DNA to be cut at precise locations, allowing for its accurate and targeted renewal or replacement.

A California “human biohacking” bill calls for warnings on do-it-yourself genetic-engineering kits. It’s going to be illegal in California to sell “gene-therapy kits” unless they carry a warning that says not to use them on yourself.

The Legal Terrain. Currently, there are few laws, in either the United States or the European Union (EU) regulating animal cloning and the creation of transgenic animals. With patents, researchers can now own and monopolize entire animal species, something unheard of prior to modern genetic engineering.

Recent experiments done by Russian scientists have confirmed this. Recent scientific experiments and discoveries have now revealed the Power of Sound frequencies/Sound Vibrations in being able to bring about amazing shifts and transformations in the DNA of living beings and in material objects as well.

The frequency of 528 Hz is known as the non-invasive agent that can activate DNA repair by clustering H2O molecule [17].

DNA damage caused by the field at 4 W/kg was irre- versible. Zhang et al. [28] reported that an 1800-MHz field at 3.0 W/kg induced DNA damage in Chinese hamster lung cells after 24 h of exposure.

In standard molecular cloning experiments, the cloning of any DNA fragment essentially involves seven steps: (1) Choice of host organism and cloning vector, (2) Preparation of vector DNA, (3) Preparation of DNA to be cloned, (4) Creation of recombinant DNA, (5) Introduction of recombinant DNA into host organism, (6) …

The basic cloning workflow includes four steps:

1. Isolation of target DNA fragments (often referred to as inserts)
2. Ligation of inserts into an appropriate cloning vector, creating recombinant molecules (e.g., plasmids)
3. Transformation of recombinant plasmids into bacteria or other suitable host for propagation.

Steps of DNA cloning

1. Cut open the plasmid and “paste” in the gene. This process relies on restriction enzymes (which cut DNA) and DNA ligase (which joins DNA).
2. Insert the plasmid into bacteria.
3. Grow up lots of plasmid-carrying bacteria and use them as “factories” to make the protein.

In the classical restriction enzyme digestion and ligation cloning protocols, cloning of any DNA fragment essentially involves four steps:

• isolation of the DNA of interest (or target DNA),
• ligation,
• transfection (or transformation), and.
• a screening/selection procedure.

Because the risks associated with reproductive cloning in humans introduce a very high likelihood of loss of life, the process is considered unethical. However, those who support therapeutic cloning believe that there is a moral imperative to heal the sick and to seek greater scientific knowledge.

Gene cloning produces copies of genes or segments of DNA. Reproductive cloning produces copies of whole animals. Therapeutic cloning produces embryonic stem cells for experiments aimed at creating tissues to replace injured or diseased tissues.

And the cloning of animals remains limited—although it is likely growing. Some agricultural cloning is used in the U.S. and China to capitalize on the genes of a few extraordinary specimens, scientists say, but the European Parliament voted last year to ban cloning animals for food.

Abstract It is widely believed that reproductive human cloning is morally wrong and should be prohibited because it infringes on human uniqueness, individuality, freedom and personal identity.

Scientists have found potentially definitive evidence that cloning is far too unsafe to be used in human reproduction, should it ever be viewed as ethically acceptable in the future.

In terms of section 39A of the Human Tissue Act 65 of 1983, genetic manipulation of gametes or zygotes outside the human body is absolutely prohibited. A zygote is the cell resulting from the fusion of two gametes; thus the fertilised ovum. Section 39A thus prohibits human cloning.

Females can potentially switch between sexual and asexual reproductive modes, or reproduce entirely asexually, but males cannot clone themselves. While parthenogenesis makes it possible for females to reproduce without males, males have no way to reproduce without females.

Yes. There’s two specific skills that infertility doctors have that are necessary for cloning. One is micro-manipulation of embryos. In this case, to take a human egg, to remove the nucleus, and then to replace that nucleus with a nucleus from a somatic cell, a body cell of the person who is going to be cloned.

3. It has been said that a cloned human being wouldn’t have a soul, wouldn’t be a unique individual; but clones would not be any less full human beings than the originals. If we have souls, then so would they. They would be no less their own persons than identical twins are.

Moreover, clones can be produced using donor cells from sterile animals, such as steers and geldings, and, unlike their genetic source, these clones are fertile.

If not, why not? Animals are being cloned for agricultural purposes in many countries including Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, France, Germany, Japan, New Zealand, South Korea, and the United Kingdom.

To give you an idea how hard this was, Dolly (initially identified as 6LL3) was the only lamb born alive from 277 attempts! It was reported that 29 embryos were successfully created, and subsequently implanted into 13 surrogate mothers, but Dolly was the only pregnancy that went to full term.

Clones are superior breeding animals used to produce healthier offspring. Animal cloning offers great benefits to consumers, farmers, and endangered species: Cloning allows farmers and ranchers to accelerate the reproduction of their most productive livestock in order to better produce safe and healthy food.

Cloning has captured the attention of biologists because of its potential benefits—the creation of cells and tissues to replace diseased ones, recovery of extinct species, creation of animal models mimicking human diseases, and generation of herds of superior agricultural animals.

Cloning may find applications in development of human organs, thus making human life safer. Here we look at some of the potential advantages of cloning. Organ Replacement: If vital organs of the human body can be cloned, they can serve as backup systems for human beings. Cloning body parts can serve as a lifesaver.