Bristol is one of the UK’s ‘Core Cities’ and the largest city in the South West. During the 90s, Bristol’s population was declining due to out-migration of residents. But with population increases between 2004 and 2014, the city’s growth rate has outpaced that of England and Wales.

This rapid growth increase was mainly caused by a decreasing death rate (more rapidly than birth rate), and particularly an increase in average human age. By 2000 the population counted 6 billion heads, however, population growth (doubling time) started to decline after 1965 because of decreasing birth rates.

The rate of population growth is the rate of natural increase combined with the effects of migration. Thus a high rate of natural increase can be offset by a large net out-migration, and a low rate of natural increase can be countered by a high level of net in-migration.

Labour migration is defined as the move ment of persons from their home State to another State for the purpose of employment. Today, an estimated 86 million persons are working in a country other than their country of birth. employment opportunities and bringing in foreign exchange.

Push factors “push” people away from their home and include things like war. Pull factors “pull” people to a new home and include things like better opportunities. The reasons people migrate are usually economic, political, cultural, or environmental.

Among the ‘macro-factors’, the inadequate human and economic development of the origin country, demographic increase and urbanization, wars and dictatorships, social factors and environmental changes are the major contributors to migration. These are the main drivers of forced migration, both international or internal.

Pull factors: higher incomes, lower taxes, better availability of employment, better weather, political stability, better education facilities, better medical facilities, national prestige, better behaviour among people, religious tolerance, and family reasons.

Migration is affected by various factors like age, sex, marital status, education, occupation, employment etc. Age and sex are main demographic factors that affect the migration. Men, generally, migrate to other places quite often though there are more women who migrate to husbands’ places after marriage.

Migration increased the slum areas in cities which increase many problems such as unhygienic conditions, crime, pollution etc. Sometimes migrants are exploited. Migration is one of the main causes of increasing nuclear family where children grow up without a wider family circle.

The different aspects of the impact of migration on social structures include 1) improvement of the housing situation for foreigners, 2) teaching migrants the language of the receiving country, 3) solving the unemployment problem of unskilled migrants, 4) improvement of educational and vocational qualifications of 2nd …

Economic growth  Migration boosts the working-age population.  Migrants arrive with skills and contribute to human capital development of receiving countries. Migrants also contribute to technological progress. Understanding these impacts is important if our societies are to usefully debate the role of migration.

Host country

According to their estimations, the number of international migrants in those decades will remain almost constant, reaching a peak in 2040-45 and then a slight decline (Sander et al., 2013). The 2019 estimates from the United Nations Population Division assume constant net migration levels between 2019 and 2100.

Home countries benefit from return migration when it leads to higher investment and productivity by returnees. However, the benefits will differ from one developing country to another and even from one sector or region to another within the same country.

Migrants often send home money (i.e., remittances) that benefit those left behind by increasing their consumption and improving their living conditions. At the same time, migration disrupts family life, which could have negative effects on the well-being of migrant-sending households living in the countries of origin.

It is the most common form of migration in ecology. It is found in all major animal groups, including birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, amphibians, insects, and crustaceans. The trigger for the migration may be local climate, local availability of food, the season of the year or for mating reasons.

Migratory animals are essential components of the ecosystems that support all life on Earth. By acting as pollinators and seed distributors they contribute to ecosystem structure and function. They provide food for other animals and regulate the number of species in ecosystems.

Animal migration patterns are changing as humans alter the landscape, according to new research. Those changes can affect wildlife interactions with parasites-with potential impacts on public health and on the phenomenon of migration itself. But migration can have another important benefit.

Migration, in particular, affects biodiversity at regional and global scales, and migratory animals affect ecosystem processes. Animals use predictable environmental cues for the timing and navigation of migration. A change in these cues will affect the phenology and extent of migration.

From building roads that act as a barrier to wildlife crossing, to constructing wind farms that create hazards for birds, bats, and insects, to causing climate change that renders ecosystems uninhabitable for many native organisms, humans are impacting animal migration.