Clemmer identified several universal factors of prisonization, such as the inmate’s acceptance of an inferior role, learning to adopt to the regulations and structure of the prison, and learning to become passive about one’s own needs— many of which were automatically taken care of by the institution.

The Federal Bureau of Prisons utilizes a fleet of aircraft to transport federal prisoners around the country. Federal prisoners being transported by plane normally arrive at the airport by bus or van. Upon arrival, inmates are sometimes subjected to lengthy waits on the tarmac regardless of weather conditions.

Transfers are not automatically granted and can be refused. If it is refused the prisoner can appeal through the requests/complaints system and is entitled to a response from the Prison Service Headquarters within 6 weeks.

The deprivation model stems from a body of sociological work that was produced in the mid-1900s. This model provides a framework for understanding how the custodial environment of prisons and jails can influence inmates’ behavior and lead to violence and other forms of institutional misconduct.

“Prisonization” refers to the process by which inmates adapt to prison life by adopting the mores and customs of inmate subcultures. Prisonization, like socialization, is an educational process whereby inmates learn prison culture through social interaction.

The Hands-off doctrine was the decision of the federal courts to stay out of the regulating the administration of how prisons and rules for prisoners are decided. In essence this meant that if an inmates’ rights were said to be violated the court would not get in between.

This study demonstrates that even though most former prisoners want to work, that prisonization impacts employability by affecting the ability of former prisoners to function well emotionally and interpersonally in the employment setting by disrupting or impeding the development of the interactional processes, thinking …

Women tend to internalize stress, which may explain why female inmates engage in self-harming behavior such as cutting, carving and burning; women have more frequent suicide attempts and use medical and mental health services at more than twice the rate of male inmates.

The findings indicate that in most women’s prisons in the United States males are employed as correction officers and are routinely assigned to supervise inmate living units.

There are several critical problems faced by women in prison; most are unmet in the prison environment.

• Separation from children and significant others.
• Lack of substance abuse treatment.
• Physical and mental health care.
• Vocation and educational programs.
• Sexual abuse.
• Disparate disciplinary practices.

drug trafficking (33.7%), fraud (23.9%), or immigration (14.3%) offenses. In only one offense, embezzlement, were female offenders in the majority (57.2%). (5.4%), Other Races (4.9%), and Black (3.3%). The average age of these offenders at sentencing was 38 years.

Women tend to commit more theft (38% of the crimes committed by women and 23% of the crimes committed by men) and fraud (13% for women and 6% for men), while men commit more robberies (8% for men and 4% for women) and violence against persons (18% for men and 10% for women).

The literature search revealed a substantial number of reports on a variety of treatment programs for female offenders: group therapy/counselling; peer group programs; therapeutic communities; family therapy; cognitive and moral development training; assertiveness training; behavioral programs (token economies.

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Female offenders are provided appropriate programs and services to meet their physical, social, and psychological needs. Of the nearly 152,000 federal offenders, women consistently account for approximately 7 percent of the federal inmate population.

Women’s offending is commonly linked to underlying mental health needs, drug and alcohol problems, coercive relationships, financial difficulties and debt. Over half the women in prison report having suffered domestic violence and one in three has experienced sexual abuse.

According to them, female criminality is a result of diverse socio-economic-cultural and environmental factors resultant of rapid industrialization, westernization and urbanization.

There has been a growing recognition among scholars that fictional portrayals of women as victims, offenders, and professionals in the criminal justice system tend to be inaccurate, exaggerated, and stereotypical in nature. Female victims are depicted with character flaws, encouraging the audience to blame them for …