Anions. Anions are the negative ions formed from the gain of one or more electrons. When nonmetal atoms gain electrons, they often do so until their outermost principal energy level achieves an octet. This process is illustrated below for the elements fluorine, oxygen, and nitrogen.

The phosphorus -3 ion. A phosphorus ion is an anion, or a negatively charged ion. Ions are atoms or molecules which have gained or lost one or more valence electrons, giving the ion a net positive or negative charge. A Phosphorus anion will have a -3 charge when it achieves a noble gas configuration.

Halogens always form anions, alkali metals and alkaline earth metals always form cations. Most other metals form cations (e.g. iron, silver, nickel), whilst most other nonmetals typically form anions (e.g. oxygen, carbon, sulfur).

metals

If sodium loses an electron the sodium becomes an ion with a positive 1 charge. This is because the 11 positive protons and 10 negative electrons end up with an overall charge of +1. It only takes a relatively small amount of energy to take an electron away from the neutral sodium atom.

The sodium ion still has 11 protons (11 positive charges) but now only 10 electrons (10 negative charges). The sodium ion has an extra positive charge, shown by the + sign. All group 1 metals will form a 1+ ion when they react with non-metals.

They’re typically made up of three main parts: protons, neutrons and electrons. Think of the protons and neutrons as together forming a “sun”, or nucleus, at the centre of the system. The electrons orbit this nucleus, like planets. If atoms are impossibly small, these subatomic particles are even more so.

An ion is an atom or a group of atoms in which the number of electrons is different from the number of protons. If the number of electrons is less than the number of protons the practical is a positive ion, also called a cation. Ex : sodium ion Na+ , chloride ion cl- , and oxide ion O2 -.

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Many atoms consist of a positively charged nucleus composed of protons and neutrons surrounded by a negatively charged cloud of electrons. At its most basic level, an atom is any particle of matter that contains at least one proton. Here are some examples of atoms: Neon (Ne)