To cite a podcast episode in APA Style, list the host as author, followed by the label “(Host),” the date, the episode title and number, the description “[Audio podcast episode],” the name of the podcast, the production company, and a URL if available.

List the sender of the text message as the author and then provide a description in place of a title. Include the recipient’s name in the description. Then give the date of the message: Brown, Jane.

Format: Lastname, Firstname. “Title of Episode.” Title of Program, contributor function(s) by Firstname Lastname, Producer, Day Month Year, Station, City.

To cite an online lecture or speech, follow the MLA format template. List the name of the presenter, followed by the title of the lecture. Then list the name of the website as the title of the container, the date on which the lecture was posted, and the URL: Allende, Isabel.

When citing to trial testimony, the parties shall identify that testimony by the witness’ name, the letters “Tr.” and the transcript page number. Do not provide line numbers or the word “at” before the transcript page number. Do not use first initials unless there is more than one witness with the same last name.

“Slip” opinions are the first version of the Court’s opinions posted on this website. A “slip” opinion consists of the majority or principal opinion, any concurring or dissenting opinions written by the Justices, and a prefatory syllabus prepared by the Reporter’s Office that summarizes the decision.

To cite a court case or decision, list the name of the case, the volume and abbreviated name of the reporter, the page number, the name of the court, the year, and optionally the URL. The case name is italicized in the in-text citation, but not in the reference list.

To cite to a case in the United States Reports, list the following five elements in order:

1. Name of the case (underlined or italicized);
2. Volume of the United States Reports;
3. Reporter abbreviation (“U.S.”);
4. First page where the case can be found in the reporter;
5. Year the case was decided (within parentheses).

Name of the Court. Title of Case. Title of Reporter, volume, Publisher, Year, Page(s). Database Name or Title of Non-Publisher Website, DOI or URL.

Place of publication: Publisher.

1. Example:
2. Example:
3. If you are referencing an Act you found online, this should be indicated in the reference. Title of the Act and year. ( chapter number of the Act; abbreviated to ‘c’). [ Online]. Place of publication: Publisher. [ Date accessed]. Available from: URL. Example:

The elements of a statute reference list entry are as follows, in order:

1. name of the act.
2. title, source (check the Bluebook for abbreviations), and section number of the statute;
3. the publication date of the compilation you used to find the statute, in parentheses.
4. URL (optional)

Citing Congressional Bills

1. Basic Form. Title, Abbreviated Name of the House, Number of the Congress Cong, Number assigned to the material, (Year).
2. Example. Privacy Protection Act of 1998, H.R.
3. Basic Form. House Bill or Senate Bill number (Year)
4. Examples.

Title [if relevant], H.R. or S. bill or resolution number, xxx Cong. (year).

Cite a congressional document by following the MLA format template. Begin by listing the government entity as the author, followed by the title of the source. Then list the name of the publisher and the date: United States, Congress, House, Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence.

General format: Author (if applicable),Title (if applicable), Resolution or Decision number, UN Body and OR Designation, Session number or year, Supplement number, UN Document number (Date or Year) pinpoint.

Citing a Federal Bill Include the bill title (if relevant), the abbreviated name of the house (H.R. or S.) and number of the bill, the number of the Congress, and the year of publication. When the URL is available, include it at the end of the reference list entry.

If the group author is long, spell out the name of the group author followed by an abbreviation in brackets the first time the group author appears in a citation, and use only the abbreviation in subsequent citations: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO, 2006) UNESCO (2006)

You can cite the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights as a document found on the web for purposes of assignments:

1. Author: United Nations.
2. Original publication date: 1948.
3. Title: Universal declaration of human rights.
4. URL.

The UDHR, it should be noted, is not a treaty. It was meant to proclaim “a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations” rather than enforceable legal obligations.

Unlike APA and MLA, you generally include all of the information for the citation in the footnote.

1. Start with the organization, followed by a comma, and the title.
2. In the citation, “217 (III) A” is the document reference, while “Paris” is the location and “1948” is the date.

List the date the convention was signed. Type the full date the convention was first signed in month-day-year format. Since the UNCRC was signed in November, abbreviate the name of the month. Place a comma after the year.