In the footnote, start with the author and publication details of original work. Add the text “quoted in” and then add the author and publication details of the secondary work, the source you consulted. Make sure you use the correct format for a book or for an article (15.56).

When you are referencing the same source in two (or more) footnotes the second and subsequent references should be entered as “Ibid.” and the page number for the relevant footnote. Use “Ibid.” without any page number if the page is the same as the previous reference.

Basic format to reference a book Format for footnotes for a book: A. Author, Title of Book in Italics: Subtitle in Italics, edition number, Place of Publication, Publisher, year, page number.

Examples of secondary sources include:

• journal articles that comment on or analyse research.
• textbooks.
• dictionaries and encyclopaedias.
• books that interpret, analyse.
• political commentary.
• biographies.
• dissertations.
• newspaper editorial/opinion pieces.

Primary and secondary source examples

Primary sources can be described as those sources that are closest to the origin of the information. Secondary sources often use generalizations, analysis, interpretation, and synthesis of primary sources. Examples of secondary sources include textbooks, articles, and reference books.

What’s the difference between qualitative and quantitative research? Quantitative data is information about quantities, and therefore numbers, and qualitative data is descriptive, and regards phenomenon which can be observed but not measured, such as language.

Sources of secondary data includes books, personal sources, journal, newspaper, website, government record etc. Secondary data are known to be readily available compared to that of primary data. It requires very little research and need for manpower to use these sources.

There are two common types of secondary data: Internal data and External data. Internal data is the information that has been stored or organized by the organization itself. External data is the data organized or collected by someone else.

For primary research methods, describe the surveys, interviews, observation methods, etc. For secondary research methods, describe how the data was originally created, gathered and which institution created and published it.

Examples of Tertiary Sources: Dictionaries/encyclopedias (may also be secondary), almanacs, fact books, Wikipedia, bibliographies (may also be secondary), directories, guidebooks, manuals, handbooks, and textbooks (may be secondary), indexing and abstracting sources.

Tertiary sources include almanacs, chronologies, dictionaries and encyclopedias, directories, guidebooks, indexes, abstracts, manuals, and textbooks. Tertiary source materials may include: dictionaries. encyclopedias.

Examples of Primary Sources

• archives and manuscript material.
• photographs, audio recordings, video recordings, films.
• journals, letters and diaries.
• speeches.
• scrapbooks.
• published books, newspapers and magazine clippings published at the time.
• government publications.
• oral histories.

Primary sources are original materials, regardless of format. Letters, diaries, minutes, photographs, artifacts, interviews, and sound or video recordings are examples of primary sources created as a time or event is occurring.

There are two kinds of sources: primary and secondary.