Pull up all nematode-infested plants and destroy them after the season. Remove the plant material, particularly the roots, completely from the garden area. Till infested soil a few times during the winter months to expose nematodes and remaining plant roots to the cold weather.

Nematodes move in water films in large (>1/500 inch or 50 µm) pore spaces. Agricultural soils generally support less than 100 nematodes in each teaspoon (dry gram) of soil. The proportion of bacterial-feeding and fungal-feeding nematodes is related to the amount of bacteria and fungi in the soil.

Nematodes are most often introduced into a new paddock or area by planting seedlings, tubers, or young plants that are already infected with root knot. It can also be spread to new areas by running water, cultivation tools and machinery, animals and footwear.

Endophytic fungi reduce the attack of the plant-parasitic nematodes by parasitism, by paralyzing the nematodes, through antibiosis, by lytic enzymes production and also by space competition.

To kill nematodes in soil, heat small quantities of moist soil to 140°F in the oven or by solarization. Heating soil in the oven over a time period needed to bake a medium-sized potato placed in the center of the soil is sufficient to kill nematodes; however, this is only practical for small quantities of soil.

Beneficial microorganisms consuming the sugar increase the amount of organic matter in the soil, which creates a hostile environment for nematodes.

Most nematodes are harmless, but a handful of troublesome species attack the outside surfaces of plants, burrowing into the plant tissue and causing root, stem, folar and even flower damage. Other nematodes live inside the plants for part of their lives, causing damage from the inside out.

Intestinal nematodes can cause some GI problems (eg, abdominal pain, diarrhea, anorexia, weight loss, malaise).

The nematode M. alii is a sexually transmitted endoparasite of the decorated cricket.

Here’s what you need to know about 8 common STDs:

• Human Papillomavirus (HPV) HPV is one of the most common STDs in the U.S. There are more than 40 types of HPV, some of which can cause genital warts.
• Herpes.
• Syphilis.
• Hepatitis.
• Trichomoniasis.
• Gonorrhea.
• Chlamydia.
• Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

Trichomonas vaginalis is typically a pear-shaped organism. When it sticks to the vaginal wall, the parasite flattens, looking almost squashed. That flattening dramatically increases its surface area.