To access hard disk without OS:

Chkdsk is the Windows command for checking hard drives for errors and repairing them, if possible. The equivalent command for the Linux operating system is “fsck.” You can only run this command on disks and filesystems that are not mounted (available for use).

Steps to check for disk error and bad sector in Linux:

1. Launch terminal.
2. List available disks on your system.
3. Make sure the disk you want to check is not mounted.
4. Check disk S.M.A.R.T.
5. Check for filesystem consistency of disk using fsck.
6. Check for disk bad blocks or bad sector using badblocks.

Fix Hard Disk Bad Sectors in Linux

1. Download Ubuntu ISO and burn it on CD, DVD or a USB drive.
2. Boot system with the CD or USB created in step-1.
3. Open a terminal window.
4. Run command fdisk -l to find out the hard drive and partition device names.
5. Type following command to run fix bad sectors application.

You can set the fsck to run on boot, boot the system in recovery mode, or use a live CD….To run fsck from a live distribution:

1. Boot the live distribution.
2. Use fdisk or parted to find the root partition name.
3. Open the terminal and run: sudo fsck -p /dev/sda1.
4. Once done, reboot the live distribution and boot your system.

1. Create a bootable disk. Prepare an empty USB.
2. Boot from the bootable USB. Connect the bootable disk to PC that won’t boot and change your computer boot sequence in BIOS.
3. Recover files/data from a PC/laptop hard drive that won’t boot.

Unless you consider running chkdsk.exe under wine or virtualisation, Linux cannot run it. There is a linux compatible tool that can be used to fix ntfs partitions that is called ntfsfix and is available on most distribution repositories.

It is NOT chkdsk for Linux and may not produce results compatible with Microsoft Windows, however it is able to fix some common ntfs possible problems. It may lose your data while attempting repairs, even though chkdsk may do that too.

Or boot from a windows install disk and use the recovery mode command prompt to run chkdsk. The NTFS filesystem should only be repaired from Windows only, never from Linux. All WinPE/WinRE images have chkdsk

To your benefit, Live CD of any given Linux Distros can easily detect the drive corruption and allow the users to recover their much-needed data in its original form. How to Check Linux Disk?