How did the transition from walking on four legs to two legs influence the evolution of human somatosenses? There was less evolutionary pressure for the development of somatosenses and more pressure on vision and audition.

How do sensory systems differ for humans versus non-human animals? Developed out of natural selection, sensory systems are unique to an individual species (human or non-human) and work to maximize the survival of that species. It helps an animal stand out against its background, even when it is well camouflaged.

What evidence best illustrates that the perception of pain is influenced by experience? Women who participated in childbirth classes reported less pain during the birthing process.

How does the input of olfactory information to the brain differ from other sensory input pathways? a. It does not require the cortex for higher order processing. Prior to making connections with the medulla, sensory input travels through the spinal cord.

Odors in the Brain Smell information also goes to the thalamus, a structure that serves as a relay station for all of the sensory information coming into the brain. The thalamus transmits some of this smell information to the orbitofrontal cortex, where it can then be integrated with taste information.

Olfactory system, the bodily structures that serve the sense of smell. The system consists of the nose and the nasal cavities, which in their upper parts support the olfactory mucous membrane for the perception of smell and in their lower parts act as respiratory passages.

Temporal Lobe

Instruct the patient to sniff repetitively and to tell you when an odor is detected, identifying the odor if recognized. Bring the test odor up to within 30 cm or less of the nose. Do not touch the patient when doing the test. Movement of your body will give a clue as to when the test object is being presented.

Key Messages. Olfactory disorders are common and their frequency increases with age. The principal causes of olfactory dysfunction are sinonasal diseases, viral infections, head injuries, and neurodegenerative diseases.

There are no standard treatments for directly repairing the damage caused by post-traumatic olfactory loss, for example to the olfactory nerve or bulb. We know that patients are commonly told by doctors that their sense of smell isn’t going to come back and there is nothing that can be done to treat the problem.

Damaged olfactory nerve cells can regenerate, but don’t always reconnect properly in the brain. Dr. Costanzo and colleagues are working on grafts and transplants that may one day overcome current treatment limitations.

You may have heard that “taste” primarily smells, and that is true to a large degree. A damaged sense of olfaction is severely disrupting: the joy of eating and drinking may be lost, and depression may result.

Patients need a time interval of 6 weeks to 6 months to fully recover from surgical manipulation and respective edema into their preoperative baseline olfactory function.

Olfactory neurons in the olfactory epithelium regenerate every 3–4 weeks because of their direct and frequent contact with foreign toxins.

Olfactory bulb, structure located in the forebrain of vertebrates that receives neural input about odours detected by cells in the nasal cavity. The axons of olfactory receptor (smell receptor) cells extend directly into the highly organized olfactory bulb, where information about odours is processed.

The three nerves associated with taste are the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII), which provides fibers to the anterior two-thirds of the tongue; the glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX), which provides fibers to the posterior third of the tongue; and the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X), which provides fibers to the …

The olfactory bulb is also a brain region of interest because it is one of the few places in the brain where new neurons appear over the course of the lifespan. The new neurons then migrate to the olfactory bulb, where they differentiate into specific functional cell types.

human brain

temporal lobe

The glomeruli present in the glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb are actually spherical or globular structures made up of globular tangles of axons of olfactory neurons and the dendrites of other cells such as mitral cells, tufted cells.

The cerebrum, telencephalon or endbrain, is the largest part of the brain containing the cerebral cortex (of the two cerebral hemispheres), as well as several subcortical structures, including the hippocampus, basal ganglia, and olfactory bulb….

The most important fact is that the lens of the eye inverts the image that forms on the retina; therefore, objects seen to our left are sensed by the right half of our left eye.