The 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1868, granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States—including former enslaved people—and guaranteed all citizens “equal protection of the laws.” One of three amendments passed during the Reconstruction era to abolish slavery and …

The Thirteenth Amendment (Amendment XIII) to the United States Constitution abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime.

Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Voter suppression is a strategy used to influence the outcome of an election by discouraging or preventing specific groups of people from voting.

The Eighteenth Amendment declared the production, transport, and sale of intoxicating liquors illegal, though it did not outlaw the actual consumption of alcohol. Under the terms of the Eighteenth Amendment, Prohibition began on January 17, 1920, one year after the amendment was ratified.

The amendment turns the President into a ceremonial head of state and transfers power to the Prime Minister, and removes the limit on a Prime Minister serving more than two terms, opening the way for Nawaz Sharif to run again.

Rhode Island was the only state to reject ratification of the 18th Amendment. The second clause gave the federal and state governments concurrent powers to enforce the amendment.

An amendment can only be removed by being overridden by another amendment. It has happened once, when the 21st amendment overrode the 18th . Like any amendment, it would take a supermajority of Congress plus a supermajority of states.

An entrenched bill of rights cannot be amended or repealed by a country’s legislature through regular procedure, instead requiring a supermajority or referendum; often it is part of a country’s constitution, and therefore subject to special procedures applicable to constitutional amendments.

National prohibition of alcohol (1920–33) — the “noble experiment” — was undertaken to reduce crime and corruption, solve social problems, reduce the tax burden created by prisons and poorhouses, and improve health and hygiene in America.

The American Civil War began in 1861. The 13th Amendment, effective December 1865, abolished slavery in the U.S….Slave and free state pairs.

Though the convict lease system, as such, disappeared, other forms of convict labor continued (and still exist today) in various forms. These other systems include plantations, industrial prisons, and the infamous “chain gang”.

Penal labor in the United States is explicitly allowed by the 13th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution: “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.” …

Convicts. Many of the convicts transported to the Australian penal colonies were treated as slave labour.

Punitive labour, also known as convict labour, prison labour, or hard labour, is a form of forced labour used in both past and present as an additional form of punishment beyond imprisonment alone. Sometimes authorities turn prison labour into an industry, as on a prison farm or in a prison workshop.

Manual labour (in British English, manual labor in American English) or manual work is physical work done by humans, in contrast to labour by machines and working animals. Thus there is a partial but significant correlation between manual labour and unskilled or semiskilled workers.

Etymology. The term may have been formed directly as a contraction of “blackbird catching”; “blackbird” was a slang term for the local indigenous people.