Instead, Wundt referred to his ideas as voluntarism. 1 It was his student, Edward B. Titchener, who invented the term structuralism. Wundt believed that the mind could be broken down into structures by classifying conscious experiences into small parts that could be analyzed, similar to other sciences.

While neither of these early schools of thought remains today, both influenced the development of modern psychology. Structuralism played a role in the drive to make psychology a more experimental science.

The main critique of structuralism was its focus on introspection as the method by which to gain an understanding of conscious experience. Critics argue that self-analysis was not feasible, since introspective students cannot appreciate the processes or mechanisms of their own mental processes.

As a result, structuralism fell out of favor with the passing of Wundt’s student, Edward Titchener, in 1927 (Gordon, 1995).

Structuralism declined because it was realised that, contrary to Structuralism’s claims, there is no objectivity and universality in any literary text because of the fixity of form. There is no systematic study of structures that can lead to deciphering the correct meaning of the text.

Why did structuralism fail? The mind is a vast complexity, and trying to reduce it to its component functions was an incredibly complex task. Lots of problems just like introspection, did not scientifically advance psychology much.

Why did structuralism fail as a working psychological learning approach? It failed as a method to study complex mental disorders in humans or animals. Introspection was not a method that could be used to study animals, children, or more complex mental disorders.

Why is the “Survey” part of the SQ4R method effective for active reading? Surveying prepares the brain to focus on the topic for reading.

Explanation: Psychologists rely on the scientific method in order to conduct their research. This is because psychology is a type of science.

Answer Expert Verified. they conduct a literature review before formulating any hypothesis. carrying out a literature review involves utilizing research databases to look for research materials that cover or are related to a certain topic of interest.

When the r value is closer to +1 or -1, it indicates that there is a stronger linear relationship between the two variables. A correlation of -0.97 is a strong negative correlation while a correlation of 0.10 would be a weak positive correlation.

Examples of Hypothesis:

• If I replace the battery in my car, then my car will get better gas mileage.
• If I eat more vegetables, then I will lose weight faster.
• If I add fertilizer to my garden, then my plants will grow faster.
• If I brush my teeth every day, then I will not develop cavities.

Types of Research Hypotheses

• Alternative Hypothesis. The alternative hypothesis states that there is a relationship between the two variables being studied (one variable has an effect on the other).
• Null Hypothesis.
• Nondirectional Hypothesis.
• Directional Hypothesis.

Alternative hypothesis purpose An alternative hypothesis provides the researchers with some specific restatements and clarifications of the research problem. An alternative hypothesis provides a direction to the study, which then can be utilized by the researcher to obtain the desired results.

A good hypothesis is stated in declarative form and not as a question. “Are swimmers stronger than runners?” is not declarative, but “Swimmers are stronger than runners” is. 2. A good hypothesis posits an expected relationship between variables and clearly states a relationship between variables.

Characteristics & Qualities of a Good Hypothesis

• Power of Prediction. One of the valuable attribute of a good hypothesis is to predict for future.
• Closest to observable things. A hypothesis must have close contact with observable things.
• Simplicity.
• Clarity.
• Testability.
• Relevant to Problem.
• Specific.
• Relevant to available Techniques.

A scientific hypothesis must be testable, and; A scientific hypothesis must be falsifiable.

Answer: Yes, because the formulation of a hypothesis requires the existence of a research question, but researchers could ask research questions without formulating a hypothesis.

A hypothesis is used to explain a phenomenon or predict a relationship in communication research. Formulating a hypothesis requires a specific, testable, and predictable statement driven by theoretical guidance and/or prior evidence. A hypothesis can be formulated in various research designs.

Answer Expert Verified Yes, a research should have a hypotheses. A hypotheses is an educated guess used as a basis in conducting the research. Hypotheses is similar to the backbone of a research and ensures the delivery of evidenced based knowledge as is it generated by an educated guess obtained through observation.

Importance of Hypothesis: It helps to provide link to the underlying theory and specific research question. It helps in data analysis and measure the validity and reliability of the research. It provides a basis or evidence to prove the validity of the research.

There are 5 main steps in hypothesis testing:

1. State your research hypothesis as a null (Ho) and alternate (Ha) hypothesis.
2. Collect data in a way designed to test the hypothesis.
3. Perform an appropriate statistical test.
4. Decide whether the null hypothesis is supported or refuted.

However, there are some important things to consider when building a compelling hypothesis.

1. State the problem that you are trying to solve. Make sure that the hypothesis clearly defines the topic and the focus of the experiment.
2. Try to write the hypothesis as an if-then statement.
3. Define the variables.

Stay in the third person objective point of view and state your hypothesis by answering the question. For example: “The lawnmower doesn’t work because it is out of gas.” State your hypothesis, alternatively, as an answer to the question in a predictive “if…then” format.

A research hypothesis is a statement of expectation or prediction that will be tested by research. Before formulating your research hypothesis, read about the topic of interest to you. In your hypothesis, you are predicting the relationship between variables.