His political theory of government by the consent of the governed as a means to protect the three natural rights of “life, liberty and estate” deeply influenced the United States’ founding documents. His essays on religious tolerance provided an early model for the separation of church and state.

These thinkers valued reason, science, religious tolerance, and what they called “natural rights”—life, liberty, and property. Enlightenment philosophers John Locke, Charles Montesquieu, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau all developed theories of government in which some or even all the people would govern.

In turn, the Enlightenment ideals of liberty, equality, and justice helped to create the conditions for the American Revolution and the subsequent Constitution. Democracy was not created in a heartbeat. The American colonies began developing a democratic tradition during their earliest stages of development.

Which belief of the Enlightenment thinkers contribute to changes in relationships between citizens and governments? John Locke believed that the government had an obligation to the people it governed to protect their natural rights.

The Enlightenment produced numerous books, essays, inventions, scientific discoveries, laws, wars and revolutions. The American and French Revolutions were directly inspired by Enlightenment ideals and respectively marked the peak of its influence and the beginning of its decline.

Enlightenment thinkers wanted to examine human life in the light of reason. Rational understanding, they felt, would lead to great progress in government and society. These thinkers believed they were making a major break with the past. Like all people, however, they were influenced by what had come before them.

An eighteenth century intellectual movement whose three central concepts were the use of reason, the scientific method, and progress. Enlightenment thinkers believed they could help create better societies and better people.

Terms in this set (7)

• 1605. Kelper discovers the first law of planetary motion.
• 1609. Galileo develops his first telescope.
• 1618. Thirty Years’ War begins.
• 1625. Grotius publishes on the laws of war and peace.
• 1633. Pope prosecutes Galileo for promoting a sun centered theory of the solar system.
• 1648. Thirty Years’ War ends.
• 1687.

Summary point: Enlightenment thinkers believed that the basic principles underlying human nature were constant; they also believed that the human condition was susceptible of improvement. They felt it possible to formulate clear moral absolutes or universal standards.

The Enlightenment, a philosophical movement that dominated in Europe during the 18th century, was centered around the idea that reason is the primary source of authority and legitimacy, and advocated such ideals as liberty, progress, tolerance, fraternity, constitutional government, and separation of church and state.

Enlightenment thinkers argued that liberty was a natural human right and that reason and scientific knowledge—not the state or the church—were responsible for human progress.

The enlightened person is happy and joyful. He has a cheerful disposition most of the time, and is willing to share that joy with others. He is always optimistic that all challenges have a resolution. Even though the resolution may not be the most desirable, he is confident that he is capable of being at peace with it.

Buddha, the Teacher ‘Buddha,’ (‘Enlightened One’ in Sanskrit) as he came to be known, spent the next forty-five years of his life writing, teaching, and traveling. Buddhists have several names for him including, Gautama Buddha, Buddha Sukyamani, and ‘the Buddha.

Siddhartha

Enlightenment is the “full comprehension of a situation”. The term is commonly used to denote the Age of Enlightenment, but is also used in Western cultures in a religious context. Roughly equivalent terms in Christianity may be illumination, kenosis, metanoia, revelation, salvation and conversion.

Central to Enlightenment thought were the use and celebration of reason, the power by which humans understand the universe and improve their own condition. The goals of rational humanity were considered to be knowledge, freedom, and happiness.

The Mahayana sutras maintain that a woman can become enlightened, only not in female form. For example, the Bodhisattvabhūmi, dated to the 4th Century, states that a woman about to attain enlightenment will be reborn as a male. An appropriate aim is for women to aspire to be reborn as male.

Tārā

monachos

Women aren’t allowed to be ordained as monks in Thailand – but some women have instead been ordained abroad, and have returned to the country to live as female monks. It began with the Venerable Dhammananda, the woman who founded this temple, who was the first woman in Thai history to be ordained as a female monk.

Tonsure (/ˈtɒnʃər/) is the practice of cutting or shaving some or all of the hair on the scalp as a sign of religious devotion or humility. Current usage more generally refers to cutting or shaving for monks, devotees, or mystics of any religion as a symbol of their renunciation of worldly fashion and esteem.

What do monks do all day? They do the things that make them communal — Mass, prayer, reflection, service. They also do the things that make them unique — exercise, collecting, composing, cooking.

Monks can be found in different religions, most often in Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Jainism and Taoism. The monks who live on their own are usually called hermits, those living with other monks do so in monasteries. Silence: the monk shall not speak unless it is necessary.