The force of attraction between particles of a solid is maximum because they are closely packed. Where as between particles of a gas the force of attraction is minimum due to the random motion of the gaseous particles.

Like gases and unlike solids, plasmas drift and flow freely; if enclosed, plasmas expand to fill the container. Like gases, plasmas have density and pressure.

They can slide past one another but not pull completely apart. This explains why liquids can change shape but have a fixed volume. In gases, particles have a lot of kinetic energy.

Solids, liquids, and gases are made of tiny particles called atoms and molecules. In a solid, the particles are very attracted to each other. They are close together and vibrate in position but don’t move past one another. In a liquid, the particles are attracted to each other but not as much as they are in a solid.

Gas – In a gas, particles are in continual straight-line motion. The kinetic energy of the molecule is greater than the attractive force between them, thus they are much farther apart and move freely of each other.

The force of attraction between the molecules of matter is called the intermolecular force of attraction. It is maximum in solids, less in liquid and least in gases.

Intermolecular Forces. Intermolecular Forces. Two factors determine whether a substance is a solid, a liquid, or a gas: The kinetic energies of the particles (atoms, molecules, or ions) that make up a substance. Kinetic energy tends to keep the particles moving apart.

gases

solids

Solid

The three states of matter are: Solids: The strong bonds between molecules make solids rigid and very difficult to deform. Liquids: The relatively weak bonds between molecules allow liquids to be deformed without effort.

• Bose–Einstein condensate.
• Fermionic condensate.
• Degenerate matter.
• Quantum Hall.
• Rydberg matter.
• Rydberg polaron.
• Strange matter.
• Superfluid.

gas

Changing states of matter occur when matter loses or absorbs energy. When a substance absorbs energy the atoms and molecules move more rapidly and this increased kinetic energy pushes particles far enough, that they change form.

The bottom line is that a flame only becomes a plasma if it gets hot enough. Flames at lower temperatures do not contain enough ionization to become a plasma. On the other hand, a higher-temperature flame does indeed contain enough freed electrons and ions to act as a plasma.

High-voltage electricity can also create plasmas. Plasmas sometimes are created by humans. Some types of electrical lights contain plasmas. Electricity in fluorescent lights creates a plasma.

Bose-Einstein condensates

Understand sublimation, where a substance changes directly from solid to gas without going through the liquid state of matter. Sublimation is the conversion of a substance from the solid to the gaseous state without its becoming liquid.

Water is simple enough, but not too simple. This means that one possibility for explaining the apparent extra phase of water is that it behaves a little bit like a liquid crystal.

Bromine and mercury are liquids are room temperature and, when pure, have no water in them. Pure solvents and compounds (other than water) have no water.

Properties of Liquids

• Capillary Action.
• Cohesive and Adhesive Forces.
• Contact Angles.
• Surface Tension.
• Unusual Properties of Water.
• Vapor Pressure.
• Viscosity Viscosity is another type of bulk property defined as a liquid’s resistance to flow.
• Wetting Agents.

All liquids show the following characteristics:

• Liquids are almost incompressible. In liquids molecules are pretty close to each other.
• Liquids have fixed volume but no fixed shape.
• Liquids flow from higher to lower level.
• Liquids have their boiling points above room temperature, under normal conditions.

Liquid

• no definite shape (takes the shape of its container)
• has definite volume.
• particles are free to move over each other, but are still attracted to each other.

Examples of Liquids

• Water.
• Milk.
• Blood.
• Urine.
• Gasoline.
• Mercury (an element)
• Bromine (an element)
• Wine.