Rice is a crop that can flourish in flooded soils, whereas many other plants will die, so flooding of rice paddies is an important way to control weeds in rice fields. However, even rice plants can suffer yield loss or die if the water is too deep for a long time.

Rainfed lowland rice is grown in river deltas and coastal areas, using bunded fields that are flooded with rainwater for at least part of the cropping season. About 60 million hectares of rainfed lowlands supply about 20% of the world’s rice production.

Then, the crop water requirements are calculated for each month as:

1. CWR = Kc * ETo * 15 = 0.5 * 3.5 * 15 = 26.2 mm/month.
2. CWR = Kc * ETo * 31 = 0.57 * 4.4 * 31 = 77.8 mm/month.
3. CWR = Kc * ETo * 30 = 0.94 * 5.1 * 30 = 143.8 mm/month.
4. CWR = Kc * ETo * 31 = 1.15 * 5.8 * 31 = 206.8 mm/month.

Continuous Flowing Irrigation Flowing water from field to field increases grain yield of rice by preventing accumulation of harmful salts in the soil.

Large amounts of water can be lost during soaking prior to puddling when large and deep cracks are present. A shallow tillage to fill the cracks before soaking can greatly reduce this water loss. After soaking, thorough puddling results in a compacted plow sole that reduces water losses by percolation.

The terminal component of the rice tiller is an inflorescence called as panicle. The inflorescence or panicle is borne on the uppermost internode of the culm….Botany of Paddy.

It may vary a little depending on the growing conditions especially water availability and solar radiation. Normally short duration varieties take 100−120 days, medium duration 120−140 days, and long duration 160 days plus. Most varieties take 60−65 days from panicle initiation to harvest.

Manures and fertilizer application

• Need based foliar application of 0.5% ZnSO4 and 1% FeSO4 may be taken up at tillering and PI stages.
• Foliar spray of 1% urea + 2% DAP + 1% KCl at PI and 10 days later may be taken up for enhancing the rice yield if sufficient soil moisture is ensured.

Several approaches for increasing the yield potential of rice are being used, such as population improvement, ideotype breeding, heterosis breeding, wide hybridization, genetic engineering, and molecular breeding.

spring

A common rice fertilization scheme that is used by a great number of rice farmers involves 2 major fertilizer applications: The first application takes place at roughly the same time with planting or transplanting (or about 20 days later) and the second takes place about 45-60 days after the first application.

Urea

We said above that the plants need to take up 15 to 20 kg of nitrogen per hectare to produce 1 ton of grain. This means we have to apply twice as much fertilizer, or 30 to 40 kg of N per hectare, to produce an extra ton of grain!

Ammonium sulphate

Here, the best fertilizers for your garden’s needs.

• Best Overall Fertilizer: Miracle-Gro Water-Soluble All Purpose Plant Food.
• Best for Lawns: Scotts Turf Builder 12.6 lb.
• Best for Tomatoes: Vigoro 3.5 lb.
• Best for Gardens: Jack’s Classic All Purpose Water Soluble Plant Food.

When interacting with legumes, rhizobia help in increased plant growth through enriching nutrients by nitrogen fixation, solubilizing phosphates and producing phytohormones, and rhizobia can increase plants’ protection by influencing the production of metabolites, improve plant defense by triggering systemic resistance …

In such farming, methods of biological origin are used, e.g., biopesticides, biofertilisers, IPM (Integrated Pest Management) green manure, bioherbicides, keeping pests and pathogens under control, etc. Chemical fertilisers are not used in organic farming.

Organic standards are designed to allow the use of naturally occurring substances while prohibiting or strictly limiting synthetic substances. For instance, naturally occurring pesticides such as pyrethrin and rotenone are permitted, while synthetic fertilizers and pesticides are generally prohibited.

Answer. Answer: Non farming activities are those which do not include farming as a source of income. These include construction, manufacturing, transporting, communication, trade and mining among others.

Reduction of land fertility. Immunity of pests has increased. Cost of farming has escalated.

Agricultural practices may also have negative impacts on water quality. Improper agricultural methods may elevate concentrations of nutrients, fecal coliforms, and sediment loads. Increased nutrient loading from animal waste can lead to eutrophication of water bodies which may eventually damage aquatic ecosystems.

Advantages of organic farming Farmers can reduce their production costs because they do not need to buy expensive chemicals and fertilizers. Healthier farm workers. In the long term , organic farms save energy and protect the environment. It can slow down global warming.

The problem with this system is a farmer would often need large amounts of land to separate the crops. The farmer would also need a much more complex irrigation system to feed crops water over a larger span of land. With polyculture, one plot of land has all the crops in one place.

Polyculture is advantageous because of its ability to control pests, weeds, and disease without major chemical inputs. As such, polyculture is considered a sustainable form of agriculture.

Polyculture farming disadvantages: The intensive polyculture of fish is very expensive and risky. In this system, the probability of diseases is most. This farming system gets obstructed due to a lack of better facilitated artificial farms. It is not possible to make the fish big sized in this system.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Monoculture Farming

• Specialized production.
• Technological advances.
• High efficiency.
• Greater yields of some produce.
• Simpler to manage.
• Higher earnings.
• Pest problems.
• Pesticide resistance.

Disadvantages of Monoculture

• Destroys soil nutrients.
• Results in the use of harmful chemicals.
• Pollutes groundwater supplies.
• Adversely affects and alters the natural ecosystem.
• Destroys the overall soil’s degradation and erosion.
• Requires lots of water to irrigate.
• Uses a lot of fossil fuel energy.

In contrast to monocultures where a single crop is grown, polycultures of two or more crops grown together can have many benefits. Scientific studies have shown that growing in polycultures can: Mean crops are less susceptible to pest and diseases. Give greater productivity and economic profitability.

Soil Degradation And Fertility Loss Agricultural monoculture upsets the natural balance of soils. Too many of the same plant species in one field area rob the soil of its nutrients, resulting in decreasing varieties of bacteria and microorganisms that are needed to maintain fertility of the soil.