As a result, nowadays, Chinese Indonesians born in Java tend to have Indonesian as their first language, whereas Chinese Indonesians born outside Java, especially those born in Sumatra, Kalimantan, Batam tend to have a Chinese language (such as Hokkien, Teochew, Hakka, or Cantonese) as their first language.

During the Java War, thousands of Chinese Indonesians were killed by Prince Diponegoro’s forces during raids on the southern coast of Java. Survivors fled to the northern coast or to Dutch settlements for protection.

2,000 Chinese Indonesians

Most Chinese Indonesians are descended from Southern Chinese immigrants. Chinese people have lived in the Indonesian archipelago since at least the 13th century. Many came initially as sojourners (temporary residents), intending to return home in their old age. Some, however, stayed in the region as economic migrants.

2010

Resident population in Singapore as of June 2020, by ethnic group (in 1,000s)

2021 Malaysian billionaires list

According to the World Bank’s Human Capital Index, Malaysia ranks 55th out of 157 countries. As an upper middle-income country Malaysia is both a contributor to the development of low- and middle-income countries, and a beneficiary of global experience in its own journey towards high-income and developed nation status.

Randstad Malaysia anticipates that the two prime industries that are expected to contribute to Malaysia’s 2020 growth are Islamic Banking and Technology.

Its service sector is currently estimated at roughly 55% of GDP, much lower than the OECD average of about 70%. Malaysia’s GDP still relies heavily on agriculture, mining and manufacturing.

The formation of the Federation of Malaysia was announced on 16 September 1963, the anniversary of which is celebrated as Malaysia Day. Hari Merdeka continued to be celebrated on 31 August, the original independence date of Malaya, while Malaysia Day became a public holiday only in East Malaysia.

Malaysia Day is celebrated on the 16th September each year to commemorate the establishment of the Malaysian federation on the same date in 1963. Malaysia Day marks the joined day of Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore to form Malaysia.

Septe

To streamline the administration of the Malay states, and especially to protect and further develop the lucrative trade in tin-mining and rubber, Britain sought to consolidate and centralise control by federating the four contiguous states of Selangor, Perak, Negeri Sembilan and Pahang into a new entity, the Federated …

Malays make up the majority — according to the 2010 census figures, over 50% of the 28.3 million population (including non-citizens) are Malays. About 22.6% of the population is Chinese Malaysians (Malaysians of Chinese descent) and Indian Malaysians (Malaysians of Indian descent) comprise about 6.6% of the population.

Population projections in 2017 show that the Malays and Bumiputeras comprised a total of 68.8% of the total population, Chinese 23.2% and Indians 7.0%.

Malay is spoken in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, East Timor, Singapore, parts of Thailand and southern Philippines. Indonesia regulates its own normative variety of Malay, while Malaysia and Singapore use the same standard. The situation in Brunei is similar to that of Malaysia.

The largest ethnic group in the country is Bumiputera, a Malaysian term describing Malays and other indigenous peoples of Southeast Asia — it literally translates as son of the soil. In 2016, the population consists of approximately 68 per cent Bumiputera, 24 per cent Chinese, 7 per cent Indian, and 1 per cent others.