39°F

Below 4°C, the hydrogen bonds between water molecules become stronger and cause the matter to expand. Because the bonds between water molecules are stronger, they are less likely to break and re-form as they do in the liquid state. When water freezes, the volume expands by approximately 9%.

Most liquids have a quite simple behavior when they are cooled (at a fixed pressure): they shrink. The liquid contracts as it is cooled; because the molecules are moving slower they are less able to overcome the attractive intermolecular forces drawing them closer to each other.

The freezing point of water drops below zero degrees Celsius as you apply pressure. Water molecules spread out when they are bonding into a solid crystalline structure. This spreading-out action leads ice to be less dense than liquid water, causing ice to float.

Between 32 and 40 degrees Fahrenheit (0 and 4 degrees Celsius), the melted water actually contracts as the temperature rises. Beyond 40 F (4 C), it starts to expand again. This phenomenon makes ice less dense than the water around it, which is the reason why ice floats.

Solids, liquids and gases expand when heated. Water expands about four percent when heated from room temperature to its boiling point. The ocean will expand when heated. Depending on what is available, heating the water can be done at school by using Bunsen burners, a hot plate, or a propane camp unit.

Thermal expansion is caused when seawater expands because of the higher temperature of the water. As the temperature of the ocean increases so will the total ocean volume. The increased volume will cause the level of the water in the oceans to rise.

Evaporation happens when a liquid substance becomes a gas. When water is heated, it evaporates. The molecules move and vibrate so quickly that they escape into the atmosphere as molecules of water vapor.

The density of liquid water is approximately 0.96 grams per cubic centimeter at 100 C at atmospheric pressure. The density of water vapor at 100 C at atmospheric pressure is about a factor of 1600 less, and so water expands by a factor of 1600 when it turns into steam at atmospheric pressure.

A given volume of alcohol and the same volume of water are heated from the room temperature to the same temperature then. alcohol expands more than water because the co. efficient of expansion of alcohol is more than that of water.

Solution: Gas will expand more as the intermolecular forces of attraction in gas molecules is less and kinetic energy is maximum.

Gases

Heat can be produced in several ways:

1. Solar radiation.
2. Rubbing.
3. Burning.
4. Electricity.

Answer: On heating, gases expand the most. Because the molecules of gases are not bound to each other, the vibration of molecules increases when gases are heated. This increases the average distance between the molecules, resulting in their expansion.

“Steel will expand from 0.06 percent to 0.07 percent in length for each 100oF rise in temperature. The expansion rate increases as the temperature rises. Heated to 1,000oF, a steel member will expand 9½ inches over 100 feet of length….

In total, research has shown that steel can expand anywhere from . 006 to . 007% in heat of 100 degrees. This isn’t just an inconvenience – it can represent a major safety concern.

approximately 1,100 °F

Heat to Alter Metal Brass, steel, iron copper and silver can all be made weaker by heating the metal to a set temperature and cooling it slowly. It’s not only used to create softer metal products but also more electrically conductive ones. However, it would be incorrect to state that heat always makes metal weaker.

You can make simple bends in iron and steel using nothing more than a torch to heat and soften the metal.

Customer designed his part out of 303 stainless steel, the weld is indeed going to be weaker than the parent material and will be a failure point. However, that same part made from annealed 304L may actually be stronger at the weld.

When forming heavy plate to tight bend radii, you may need to preheat the material between 200 and 300 degrees F before bending, particularly if you are trying to bend thicknesses 0.75 in. or greater. For the best results, be sure to heat the material uniformly.

Is Mapp gas hot enough to bend steel? The little propane or MAPP torches that use the disposable gas cylinders really don’t put out enough heat to get a chunk of steel hot enough (red hot) to bend. You can move up to an oxy-fuel torch (oxy-propane, oxy-acetylene, oxy-MAPP, oxy-etc).

If you want to bend it you have to have to heat it to red glowing when it will loose its hardness. cooling down slowly it will not re-hard and you can treat it as any other common steel.

To use the deduct figure, measure the distance to the far edge of the 90 and subtract the deduct figure. If ½” pipe is being bent and the distance is 56″, place a mark on the conduit at 51″; this is where the bender will be placed. Work the bender onto the conduit with the conduit mark at the arrow of the bender.

A Miter bend is a bend which is made by cutting pipe ends at an angle and joining the pipe ends. A true miter bend is a 90 degree bend made by cutting two pipes at 45 degrees and joining them by welding. Similarly three pipes cut at 22.5 degrees will give a 90 degree miter bend.

As far as the kicked 90 all you have to do is use the center of bend method. Multiply your kick depth by the multiplier of the angle being used and mark that distance back from the center of the stub riser, put in bender at center of bend for whatever you’re using and bend to the degree.

Take up is a amount of conduit length used to figure out where to place the marks on the conduit before the bend. Most hand benders have the take up stamped on the bender or on a sticker – usually on the bender handle.

EMT 90° Elbows