The different forms of power-sharing in modern democracies are: Horizontal Division of Power- It is the sharing of power among the different organs of government, for example, power sharing by the executive, the Legislature and the Judiciary.

Major forms of power sharing in modern democracy are:

• Power sharing among different Organs of the Government: In democracy, power is shared among Legislature, Executive and Juduciary.
• Governments at different levels: In federal form of government, power is shared between the central and state governments.

1)Power is shared among different organs of government such as Legislature, executive and judiciary . 2)Power can be shared among different level of government such as central and state level. This is known as vertical distribution. 3)Power can also shared among different social groups.

Forms of Power Sharing

• Horizontal distribution of power: In this, the power is shared among different organs of government such as the legislature, executive, and judiciary.
• Federal government (vertical distribution of power): In this, the power can be shared among governments at different levels.

Vertical division of power refers to the sharing of power among different government levels – union, state and local government.

A vertical line is any line parallel to the vertical direction. A horizontal line is any line normal to a vertical line. Horizontal lines do not cross each other. Vertical lines do not cross each other.

Vertical division of power refers to sharing of power among different levels of the government – union, state and local government. In this division of power, the local government will work under the union or the state government and the state government will work under the union government.

IT allows delegation of power and smoothening of functions at different levels. It improves efficiency and accountability. For example, Legislature works at central level, State level and local levels in India.

Answer. (i) Horizontal Division of powers is such a power sharing arrangement in which power is shared , among different organs of government as, legislature, executive and judiciary. (ii) Whereas, in vertical division of powers, constitution clearly lays down the powers of different levels of government.

It is the sharing of power among the different organs of government. The division of government into the executive, the legislature and the judiciary are an example of horizontal division of power.

In vertical distribution of power the power is divided between different levels of government that is Central Government State Government local government. in horizontal distribution of power the power is divided between legislative executive and Judiciary.

The power that is shared between different organs of a government like executive, legislative and judiciary is known as the horizontal power sharing. This type of power sharing keeps all the organs of a government under same set of power level which prevents the access of unlimited powers.

Under the horizontal power sharing power is shared among different organs of government such as the legislature, executive and judiciary. Under horizontal distribution of power, organs of the government are placed at the same level to exercise different powers.

In a business organization, communication plays an important role. Horizontal: Communication established with people on the same hierarchical level within the company (or project) Vertical: Communication established with people who belong to a different hierarchical level.

Information moving from lower-level employees to high-level employees is upward communication (also sometimes called vertical communication). For example, upward communication occurs when workers report to a supervisor or when team leaders report to a department manager.

Horizontal communication, also called lateral communication, involves the flow of messages between individuals and groups on the same level of an organization. Communication within a team is an example of horizontal communication; members coordinate tasks, work together, and resolve conflicts.

Company meetings are an example of upward communication because they encourage upper management and lower-level employees to interact with one another in person.

External communication is broadly categorized as formal and informal business communication: 1. Formal External Business Communication: It is considered as the initial element in building the appropriate corporate image. This includes different formal letters, memos, reports, or presentations.

Three general external communication strategies employed by businesses are public relations, media relations, and advertising.