In the past, justification for human primacy over animals came from religions that stated that humans are superior to animals because they have an immortal soul, and that God commanded humans to rule over animals.

Callicott identifies three main theories of environmental ethics: (1) The prolonged and traditional humanism – it involves the Western human centered ethics in which the moral consideration is given only to human beings; (2)The Extensionism – which extends the moral importance and the moral rights even over the non- …

While an anthropocentric mindset predicts a moral obligation only towards other human beings, ecocentrism includes all living beings. Whether a person prescribes to anthropocentrism or ecocentrism influences the perception of nature and its protection and, therefore, has an effect on the nature-related attitude [5–11].

Peter Vardy

Intrinsic value is the value that an entity has in itself, for what it is, or as an end (Figure 1). Instrumental value is the value that something has as a means to a desired or valued end. Instrumental value is always derivative on the value of something else, and it is always conditional.

Technocentrism is a value system that is centered on technology and its ability to control and protect the environment. Rather, environmental problems are seen as problems to be solved using rational, scientific and technological means. They also believe in scientific research.

What best describes the technocentric worldview? It argues that the environment is more important than industry. It argues that the solution to environmental problems is stronger regulations.It argues that technology and science should be used to improve the environment.It argues that there are no environmental issues.

Being environmentally friendly simply means having a lifestyle that is better for the environment….

1. Become More Aware of Resources.
2. Practice Conservation.
3. Plant Trees.
4. Conserve Water.
5. Try Renewable Energy, Go Rooftop Solar.
6. Change to LED Light Bulbs.
7. Cut Down Meat on your Plate.
8. Stop Food Waste.

Examples of Sustainable Development

• Wind Energy.
• Solar Energy.
• Crop Rotation.
• Water efficient fixtures.
• Green Spaces.

Bicycles of course are more environment friendly than the cars. This is because, the resources required for manufacturing bicycles add less stress on the environment. Moreover, there is no requirement of the fuels in order to run bicycles. It does not require toxic batteries to operate which releases toxic smoke.

While a broad concept, sustainability basically boils down to understanding the impact that we have on the earth, and what we leave for future generations. We know that sustainability can encompass a number of things, from recycling to gardening, and in being resourceful with products and items that we use.

Sustainability is often represented diagrammatically. The figure at the top of this page suggests that there are three pillars of sustainability – economic viability, environmental protection and social equity.

Unsustainable agricultural practices

• Land conversion and habitat loss.
• Genetic erosion.
• Global warming or climate change.
• Pollution and contamination of our air, land, and water.
• Soil degradation and erosion.
• Wasteful consumption of water.

Rotating crops and embracing diversity. Planting a variety of crops can have many benefits, including healthier soil and improved pest control. Crop diversity practices include intercropping (growing a mix of crops in the same area) and complex multi-year crop rotations.

1. Subsistence farming:-

• Intensive subsistence farming:-
• Primitive subsistence farming:-
• Shifting cultivation:-
• Commercial grain farming:-
• Commercial mixed farming:-
• Commercial plantation farming:-

Practitioners of sustainable agriculture seek to integrate three main objectives into their work: a healthy environment, economic profitability, and social and economic equity.

Sustainable foods are foods produced or processed in ways that can protect the environment and avoid wasting natural resources, without compromising the taste or quality of the products.